1. Women in politics

2. Economic inequality and gender pay gap

3. Notes

4. References

In the response of concerns the Ukrainian government tried to develop various legislation, especially concerning institutional and personal gender discrimination. Unfortunately the practical implementation of the legal system and the law enforcement remain to be inadequately performed and the Ukrainian women still face different kinds of discrimination (legal, political etc) The practice affects many aspects of their everyday lives from career development to health issues and results in a high level of violence directed towards women.^[2]{{sfn|In the Crosscurrents|2015|loc=Gender based violence|p=39}}

In 2017, Ukraine ranked 88th out of 189 countries on the United Nations Development Programme's Gender Inequality Index (GII)^[3].

Women in politics

According to collected research statistics the Ukrainian women are underrepresented in Ukrainian political life. This is a very important issue because the extent of women’s involvement in politics and their access to decision-making is a key indicator of gender equality in a society.{{sfn|Ukrainian Women’s Fund|2011|p=4|loc=Current Situation Analysis}}

During the Soviet period of the Ukrainian history the share of women in Supreme Council of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR) was as high as 30 %. It was a result of a strict non-official quota for women in elected office imposed by the Communist Party of the USSR.{{sfn|Ukrainian Women’s Fund|2011|p=4|loc=Current Situation Analysis}}{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=59}} Very interesting to note that after receiving independence the women’s public participation at many levels of the Ukrainian politics significantly declined.{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=60}} For example, after the first elections in newly independent Ukraine, women filled only 3 % of positions in the Ukrainian Parliament{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=62}} (12 females among 463 Deputies^[4]). Later In 2002, although one-fifth of parliamentary candidates were women, they filled only 5.1 % of parliamentary seats, one of the lowest ratios of female representation in the region.{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=62}} At present after elections of 2014 the representation of women in Verkhovna Rada is around 12%^[5].

Economic inequality and gender pay gap

In average Ukrainian females have higher educational levels than males, but women tend to cluster in poorly paid occupations and earn about 70 % of the men’s wages. The widest gender gap in the salaries has been detected in the financial sphere, while the smallest gap exists in agriculture, where the wages are generally much lower than in all other parts of the Ukrainian economy{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=61}}.

Many provisions of Ukrainian legislation have been criticized by international bodies as they create obstacles to women's participation in the local labor market as well as impose restrictions on women's economic opportunities{{sfn|In the Crosscurrents|2015|loc=Discrimination on the Basis of Gender|p=27}}{{sfn|In the Crosscurrents|2015|loc=Discriminatory legal provisions|p=30, 36, 38}}. An analysis of the gathered evidences indicate that a gender discrimination in hiring process is commonplace, despite being prohibited by the Ukrainian law.{{sfn|In the Crosscurrents|2015|loc=Discrimination in Recruitment|p=45}} As a rule it is very hard for a women past 40 to get a job, females are dismissed more often than males and often suffer from sexual harassment at work. Therefore, Ukrainian women are over-represented in informal sector of economy, where they perform noncontractual work. This kind of economic activity provides them a basic income, but not a pensions or other social benefits.{{sfn|Culture and Customs of Ukraine|2011|loc=Women in Ukraine|p=62}}

Notes

References

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• {{cite book |last= |first= |title = Women’s Participation in Politics and Decision-Making in Ukraine: Strategy Paper |url = https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1317224/2016_1323777682_85974.pdf |chapter = |publisher= Ukrainian Women’s Fund |year= 2011 |location=Kiev |page= |isbn= |author-link= |ref={{sfnRef|Ukrainian Women’s Fund|2011}}}}

• Horizontal progression
• Horizontal redundancy check
• Horizontal shooter
• Horizontal stabilizer
• Horizontal top-bar hive
• Horizontina
• Horizon (UK TV series)
• Horizon (World of Darkness)
• Horka (title)
• Horkheimer
• Horkheimer, Max
• Horlacea, Cluj
• Horleggor
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