| 词条 | General George Washington at Trenton | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
| image_file = General George Washington at Trenton by John Trumbull.jpeg | image_size = | title = General George Washington at Trenton | alt = American General Washington surveys the area, white horse in the background, on the night before the Battle of Princeton | artist = John Trumbull | year = 1792 | medium = oil on canvas | height_metric = 235 | width_metric = 160 | height_imperial = 92 1/2 | width_imperial = 63 | city = New Haven, Connecticut | museum = Yale University Art Gallery }}General George Washington at Trenton is a large full-length portrait in oil painted in 1792 by the American artist John Trumbull of General George Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, on the night of January 2, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War. This is the night after the Battle of the Assunpink Creek, also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, and before the decisive victory at the Battle of Princeton the next day.[1] The artist considered this portrait "the best certainly of those which I painted."[2][3] The portrait is on view at the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, an 1806 gift of the Society of the Cincinnati in Connecticut.[2] It was commissioned by the city of Charleston, South Carolina, but was rejected by the city, resulting in Trumbull painting another version.[3] CommissionThe work was commissioned by the city of Charleston, South Carolina, in 1792 to commemorate President Washington's visit there in May 1791 during his Southern Tour.[2][4] Trumbull had visited Charleston earlier, in February 1791, to paint portraits of several leaders, including Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.[4] Trumbull took the commission from William Loughton Smith, a representative of South Carolina and representing Charleston, con amore (with love), to paint Washington "in the most sublime moment ... the evening previous to the battle of Princeton".[3][5] DescriptionGeneral George Washington is in full military uniform, a blue coat over gold waistcoat and pants. He holds a spyglass in his right hand and a sword in his left hand. Behind him is Blueskin, his spirited, light-colored horse, restrained by a groom. Further in the distance is the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and nearby mill, along with artillery and campfires.[6] Charleston versionAfter Smith rejected the painting, Trumbull painted a similar, but different version for the city, entitled Washington at the City of Charleston. It was now set at Charleston, with the city in the background, the Cooper River and boats in the middle ground, and local plants in the foreground. Washington is shown as Smith wanted, "calm, tranquil, peaceful." He wears gloves on both hands, holds a hat in his left hand which is shown resting on his sword, while holding a walking stick with his right hand.[3][7] The painting is now on view in the Charleston City Hall.[7][8] Other versionsTrumbull painted a much smaller version ({{convert|26+1//2|in|cm}} x {{convert|18+1//2|in|cm}}), entitled George Washington before the Battle of Trenton, {{circa|1792}}–94, likely for his friend Charles Wilkes, a New York banker. It is similar to the original, but with changes in the background and a bay horse.[9] It was bequested to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1922 and is on view there.[10] In 1794, Trumbull went to London as secretary of legation for John Jay during the negotiations of the Jay Treaty. He had made a small version of this portrait and later supervised its engraving by Thomas Cheesman, entitled George Washington, in 1796. It was noted by historian Justin Winsor as the best engraving of Trumbull's paintings and was used as the basis for several other engravings.[11][12][13] In 1845, William Warner Jr. engraved Gen. Washington.[14] Alfred Daggett engraved a version, Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, January 2d, 1777, that was published in Historical Collections of New Jersey, Past and Present by John W. Barber and Henry Howe in 1868.[15] An engraving entitled, General Washington at the Bridge Over the Assunpink Creek, was published in the 1898 book, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, by historian William S. Stryker.[16] Critical receptionTrumbull described the thinking of Washington after seeing the superiority of the enemy at Trenton: {{quote|... he is supposed to have been meditating how to avoid the apparently impending ruin. To re-cross the Delaware in the presence of such an enemy, was impossible; to retreat down the eastern side of the river, and cross at Philadelphia, was equally so; to hazard a battle on the ground, was desperate.[6]}} Historian and painter William Dunlap after viewing it in the Trumbull Gallery at Yale said: "This is, in many respects, a fine picture, and painted in the artist's best days."[17] GalleryLegacyThe United States Post Office has issued several postage stamps of George Washington from the portrait detail in this painting. The first was issued in 1860 with a ninety-cent value.[18][19] This stamp was revised and issued the next year, 1861.[20] In 1931, the Battle of Yorktown commemorative with a two-cent value included this portrait.[13][21] A stamp with a six-cent value was issued as part of the Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932.[22][23] Finally, the Army and Navy Commemorative Series included a stamp with one-cent value in 1936.[13][24] {{CSS image crop|Image = General George Washington at Trenton by John Trumbull.jpeg |bSize = 480 |cWidth = 112 |cHeight = 135 |oTop = 95 |oLeft = 228 |Location = left |Description = Portrait detail |Link = |Alt = }} On February 21, 1915, The New York Times published a full-page image of the painting with the caption "General Washington, painted from life by his staff officer and friend, Col. John Trumbull", in the Picture section, the first time in Rotogravure.[25] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=Helen A.|title=Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery |date=2008|publisher=Yale University Art Gallery|isbn=978-0-300-12289-3|pages=116–117|chapter=General George Washington at Trenton|location=New Haven, Conn.}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/20|last=Trumbull|first=John|title=General George Washington at Trenton|publisher=Yale University Art Gallery}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|last=Trumbull | first=John | title=Autobiography, Reminiscences and Letters of John Trumbull, from 1756 to 1841 | year=1841 | publisher=Wiley and Putnam | location=New York | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPI1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166|pages=166–67}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Pinckney|first1=Charles|author-link=Charles Cotesworth Pinckney|title=To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 8 March 1791|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-07-02-0298|publisher=Founders Online, National Archives|date=March 8, 1791}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=Trumbull|first=John|title=George Washington before the Battle of Trenton|url=http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/gw/trenton.htm|publisher=National Portrait Gallery}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Trumbull|first1=John|author-link=John Trumbull|title=Catalogue of Paintings, by Colonel Trumbull; Including Eight Subjects of the American Revolution, with Near Two Hundred and Fifty Portraits of Persons Distinguished in That Important Period. Painted by Him from the Life.|date=1835|publisher=Gallery of Yale College |pages=33–34 |chapter= No. 39.–Portrait of General Washington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShtGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA33}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last=Trumbull|first=John|title=George Washington, (painting) |url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&menu=search&aspect=Keyword&term=IAP+60820026&index=.NW |work=Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|id=IAP 60820026}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Washington|first1=George|author-link=George Washington|title=From George Washington to William Moultrie, 5 May 1792|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0223|publisher=Founders Online, National Archives|date=May 5, 1792}} 9. ^{{cite book| last1 = Caldwell | first1 = John| last2 = Rodriguez Roque| first2 = Oswaldo| editor = Kathleen Luhrs|title=American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|volume=Volume I: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born by 1815|date=1994|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |pages=216–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dYdWBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|chapter=George Washington before the Battle of Trenton}} 10. ^{{cite web|last1=Trumbull|first1=John|title=George Washington before the Battle of Trenton|url=http://metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/12823|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Winsor|first1=Justin|author-link=Justin Winsor|title=Narrative and Critical History of America|date=1888|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin and Company|pages=568–9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7lOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA568|chapter=The Portraits of Washington|volume=7}} 12. ^{{cite web|last=Cheesman|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Cheesman (engraver)|title=George Washington|url=http://artgallery.yale.edu/collections/objects/43747|publisher=Yale University Art Gallery}} 13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Sizer|first1=Theodore|author-link=Theodore Sizer (art historian)|title=The Works of Colonel John Trumbull, Artist of the American Revolution|date=1950|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdIYAAAAYAAJ|ref=harv|page=63}} 14. ^{{cite web|last1=Warner|first1=William|title=Gen. Washington (on the battle field at Trenton)|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2006678634/|publisher=Library of Congress}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John W.|author-link1=John Warner Barber|last2=Howe|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Howe|title=Historical Collections of New Jersey, Past and Present|date=1868|page=392|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA392-IA2}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Stryker|first1=William S.|title=The Battles of Trenton and Princeton|date=1898|page=262|url=https://archive.org/stream/battlesoftrenton00stry#page/262/mode/1up}} 17. ^{{cite book|last1=Dunlap|first1=William|author-link=William Dunlap|title=A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States|date=1918|page=76|volume=2|url=https://archive.org/stream/ahistoryriseand01dunlgoog#page/n100/mode/2up}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Leavy|first1=Joseph B.|title=American Philatelist and Year Book of the American Philatelic Association|date=1918|volume=32|publisher=American Philatelic Association|pages=90–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij1AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA90&lpg=PA90|chapter=History and Biography of the 1851–60 Issue}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=90-cent Washington (1851–1861 Issues)|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2027788.html|publisher=National Postal Museum}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=90-cent Washington (1861 Issues)|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2027711.html|publisher=National Postal Museum}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Yorktown Issue (1930–1931 Issues)|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2032992.html|publisher=National Postal Museum}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=6-cent Red Orange (Washington Bicentennial Issue)|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2033066.html|publisher=National Postal Museum}} 23. ^{{cite book|title=Report of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission|chapter=Bicentennial Commemorative Postage Stamps|date=1932|volume=5|publisher=United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission|pages=152–155|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofgeorgew05geor#page/152/mode/2up/search/trumbull}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=1-cent Washington & Greene (1936–1937 Issues)|url=https://arago.si.edu/category_2033183.html|publisher=National Postal Museum}} 25. ^{{cite news|title=General Washington, painted from life by his staff officer and friend, Col. John Trumbull|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/02/21/issue.html|page=43|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 21, 1915|url-access=subscription}} External links
10 : 1792 paintings|18th-century portraits|George Washington in art|Horses in art|New Jersey in the American Revolution|Paintings about the American Revolution|Paintings by John Trumbull|Paintings in the Yale University Art Gallery|Portraits of politicians|War paintings |
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