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词条 Genitoplasty
释义

  1. Medical uses

  2. See also

  3. References

{{Infobox interventions |
  Name        = Genitoplasty |  Image       = |  Caption     = |  ICD10       = |  ICD9        = {{ICD9proc|70.64}}, {{ICD9proc|70.62}}, {{ICD9proc|70.64}}, {{ICD9proc|70.94}}, {{ICD9proc|70.6}}, {{ICD9proc|70.95}} |  MeshID      = D013509 |  OPS301      = |  OtherCodes  = |  HCPCSlevel2 =

}}

Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.[1]

Medical uses

Genitalplasty surgery includes the following:

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Vaginoplasty
  • Correction of congenital conditions
    • congenital adrenal hyperplasia[2][3][3][4]
    • microphallus repair[5]
    • hypospadias repair[6][7]
    • pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias repair[8]
    • androgen insensitivity syndrome repair
    • repair of a urethra that is short[9]
  • labiaplasty
  • vaginal construction[10][11]
  • vaginal reconstruction[10][11]
  • repair of vaginal vault prolapse[12]
  • vaginal suspension and fixation[10][11]
  • operations on cul-de-sac[10][11]
  • repair of cystocele[10][11]
  • repair of rectocele[10][11]
  • genital prolapse
  • retropubic paravaginal repair[12]
  • hymenorrhaphy

The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an allogenic, a heterograph, an autograft, xenograft, or a autologous material.[13]

{{div col end}}

Genital reconstruction surgery can correct prolapse of the urinary bladder into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.[2] Female infants born with a 46,XX genotype but have genitalia affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina.{{cn|date=January 2017}} Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina.[3] Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.[11]

Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals are controversial due to their human rights implications. There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.[14]

See also

  • Intersex medical interventions

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Ruth A. Hannon|title=Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states|date=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9781605477817|page=128|edition=1st Canadian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128}}
2. ^1 {{cite book | last = Baggish | first = Michael | title = Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 9780323225526 }}
3. ^1 2 {{cite book | last = Gundeti | first = Mohan | title = Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | location = City | year = 2012 | isbn = 9781444335538 |postscript=; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Horbach|first1=Sophie E.R.|last2=Bouman|first2=Mark-Bram|last3=Smit|first3=Jan Maerten|last4=Özer|first4=Müjde|last5=Buncamper|first5=Marlon E.|last6=Mullender|first6=Margriet G.|title=Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|volume=12|issue=6|year=2015|pages=1499–1512|issn=1743-6095|doi=10.1111/jsm.12868}}
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128|title=Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States|last=Pooler|first=Charlotte|date=2009-10-01|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781605477817|language=en}}
6. ^Entry "hypospadias" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
7. ^OED 2nd edition, 1989 as {{IPA|/hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}~{{IPA|/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/}}
8. ^{{cite book|author1=Eberhard Nieschlag|author2=Hermann M. Behre|author3=Susan Nieschlag|title=Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA328|accessdate=|date=July 2009|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-78354-1|pages=328–}}
9. ^{{cite book | last = Hiort | first = O | title = Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD | publisher = Karger | location = Basel | year = 2014 | isbn = 9783318025590 }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | title = 2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach | url = http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10PCS/Codes/0/U/Q/G/0UQG0ZZ |publisher=ICD10Data.com| accessdate = 2016-03-03 }}
11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book | last = Hoffman | first = Barbara | title = Williams gynecology | publisher = McGraw-Hill Medical | location = New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 9780071716727 }}
12. ^1 {{cite book | last = Baggish | first = Michael | title = Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery | publisher = Elsevier | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2016 | isbn = 9780323225526|postscript=; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh }}
13. ^{{cite web | title = Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes | url = http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=Vaginal+reconstruction&Submit=Search&action=search |publisher=World Health Organization|date=| accessdate = 2016-03-06 }}
14. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1159/000442975| issn = 1663-2818| volume = 85| issue = 3| last1 = Lee| first1 = Peter A.| last2 = Nordenström| first2 = Anna| last3 = Houk| first3 = Christopher P.| last4 = Ahmed| first4 = S. Faisal| last5 = Auchus| first5 = Richard| last6 = Baratz| first6 = Arlene| last7 = Baratz Dalke| first7 = Katharine| last8 = Liao| first8 = Lih-Mei| last9 = Lin-Su| first9 = Karen| last10 = Looijenga| first10 = Leendert H.J.| last11 = Mazur| first11 = Tom| last12 = Meyer-Bahlburg| first12 = Heino F.L.| last13 = Mouriquand| first13 = Pierre| last14 = Quigley| first14 = Charmian A.| last15 = Sandberg| first15 = David E.| last16 = Vilain| first16 = Eric| last17 = Witchel| first17 = Selma| last18 = and the Global DSD Update Consortium| author12-link = Heino Meyer-Bahlburg | title = Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care| journal = Hormone Research in Paediatrics| accessdate = 2016-01-30| date = 2016-01-28| url = http://www.karger.com/?doi=10.1159/000442975| pages=158–180}}
{{Refend}}{{Urogenital surgical and other procedures}}{{Medicine}}{{Reproductive health}}{{Wound healing}}{{chromo|state=collapsed}}

10 : Gynecological surgery|Surgical oncology|Surgical removal procedures|Gynaecology|Reproductive system|Female genital modification|Plastic surgery|Vagina|Surgical procedures and techniques|Congenital disorders
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