“GenX”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

GenX chemicals are used as replacements for PFOA (C8) for manufacturing fluoropolymers such as teflon.^[3]^[4]

In lab tests on rats, GenX has been shown to cause many of the same health problems as PFOA.^[6]^[7]

Pollution

The Chemours Fayetteville plant has released GenX compounds into the Cape Fear River, which is a drinking water source for the Wilmington, North Carolina area. The water supply may have been contaminated for a decade or more, resulting in controversy over its potential health effects.^[8]

On September 5, 2017, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) ordered Chemours to halt discharges of all fluorinated compounds into the Cape Fear River. NCDEQ cited Chemours on November 14, 2017 for violating provisions in its NPDES wastewater discharge permit, following a chemical spill on October 6.^[9]

On November 2, 2017, a federal lawsuit was filed by the Brunswick County Government alleging that DuPont failed to disclose research regarding potential risks from the chemical.^[10]

On May 7, 2018, Cape Fear River Watch announced their intention to bring suit against Chemours in 60 days for numerous Clean Water Act violations. Acting as legal counsel, Southern Environmental Law Center filed the suit under section 505(b) of the Clean Water Act. A non-profit organization in Wilmington, North Carolina, Cape Fear River Watch (CFRW) aims to protect and improve the water quality of the Lower Cape Fear River Basin through education, advocacy and action.^[11]

NCDEQ filed a draft consent order on its GenX invesigation on November 21, 2018. The order would require Chemours to reduce air pollution emissions and water pollution discharges of GenX and other chemicals, and would levy civil penalties on the company of $13 million. The North Carolina Superior Court has not ruled on the proposed settlement as of mid-December 2018.^[12]

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-pfas |title=Basic Information on PFAS |author= |date=2018-02-18 |website=PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/SAB/FAQ_updated_021518.pdf |title=GenX Frequently Asked Questions |author= |date=2018-02-15 |website=GenX Investigation |publisher=North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) |location=Raleigh, NC}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Evaluation of substances used in the GenX technology by Chemours, Dordrecht |url=http://www.rivm.nl/dsresource?objectid=3186e480-7d66-4ded-ac59-acd2e804d3b5|date=2016-12-12 |last1=Beekman |first1=M. |last2=Zweers |first2=P. |displayauthors=1|accessdate=2017-07-23 |publisher=National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM, The Netherlands)}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-pfas#difference |title=What is the difference between PFOA, PFOS and GenX and other replacement PFAS? |author= |date=2018-02-18 |website=PFOA, PFOS and Other PFASs |publisher=EPA}}
5. ^{{cite journal |authors=Lau C., Anitole K., Hodes C., Lai D., Pfahles-Hutchens A., Seed J. | title =Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings |journal=Toxicol. Sci. |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=366–94 |date=October 2007 |pmid =17519394 |doi=10.1093/toxsci/kfm128 |url=http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/99/2/366.pdf}}
6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Caverly Rae |first1=JM |last2=Craig |first2=Lisa |last3=Stone |first3=Theodore W. |last4=Frame |first4=Steven R. |last5=Buxton |first5=L. William |last6=Kennedy |first6=Gerald L. |title=Evaluation of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoate in Sprague–Dawley rats |date=2015 |journal=Toxicology Reports |volume=2 |pages=939-949 |doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.06.001}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2016/03/03/new-teflon-toxin-causes-cancer-in-lab-animals/|title=New Teflon Toxin Causes Cancer in Lab Animals|last=Lerner|first=Sharon|date=2016-03-03|website=The Intercept|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-14}}
8. ^{{cite news |date=2017-06-26 |title=N.C. drinking water tainted with chemical byproduct for decades? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wilmington-nc-cape-fear-river-water-tainted-genx-dupont-chemours/ |work=CBS News}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://deq.nc.gov/news/hot-topics/genx-investigation/genx-timeline |title=GenX Timeline |author= |date= |publisher=NCDEQ |access-date=2018-04-22}}
10. ^{{cite web |last=Clabby |first=Catherine |title=Newest GenX Lawsuit Attacks DuPont Science |url=https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2017/11/02/newest-genx-lawsuit-attacks-dupont-science/|date=2017-11-02 |publisher=North Carolina Health News |location=Chapel Hill, NC}}
11. ^{{cite web |last=Alder |first=Cole |title=Cape Fear River Watch to file suit against Chemours |url=https://pfasproject.com/2018/05/16/cape-fear-river-watch-to-file-suit-against-chemours/ |date=2018-05-18 |publisher=Northeastern University SSEHRI PER- AND POLYFLUOROALKYL SUBSTANCES The Social Discovery of a Class of Emerging Contaminants |location=Boston, MA}}
12. ^{{cite web |title=Consert Order (draft): North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality v. The Chemours Company |url= https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/GenX/Consent-order-11212018.pdf |date=2018-11-21 |publisher=NCDEQ |id=Bladen County, North Carolina Superior Court}}