| 词条 | George Raymond |
| 释义 |
George Raymond (May 10, 1914 - May 9, 1999) was president of the Chester, Pennsylvania branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1942 to 1977.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=297}} He was integral in the desegregation of businesses, public housing and schools in Chester and led civil rights demonstrations in 1964 which earned Chester the nickname "the Birmingham of the North".{{sfn|Mele|2017|p=74}} Early life and educationRaymond was born in Chester, Pennsylvania and graduated from Chester High School in 1933. He studied business administration at Drexel Institute of Technology for one year but economic hardship forced him to leave school and find work.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=302}} Raymond worked at multiple odd jobs and finally landed at the Chester Boys Club, joined the NAACP and began his career in the civil rights movement.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=303}} CareerRaymond became the leader of the Chester branch of the NAACP in 1942 and began to implement programs to end racial discrimination.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=305}} He partnered with J. Pius Barbour, the pastor of Calvary Baptist Church in Chester and together they adopted a gradualist approach to civil rights.{{sfn|Mele|2017|p=50}} In 1945, Raymond and the Chester branch of the NAACP successfully desegregated movie theaters, restaurants, hotels and other businesses in Chester through non-violent protests and the threat of legal action.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=307}} In 1953, the United States Supreme Court rendered its decision in the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka declaring state laws establishing separate schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The Chester Board of Education technically met the requirements of integration, however Board policy allowed students to request transfers to schools outside their neighborhood. The Board approved most transfers for white students but few for black students. As a result, in 1953, five elementary schools in Chester were almost completely black. However, each of those five schools had white students living within its district that were allowed to attend all-white schools in other parts of town.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=308}} In 1955, Raymond and the NAACP desegregated public housing run by the Chester Housing Authority.{{sfn|McLarnon|pp=306-307}} In 1958, Raymond purchased a house in the borough of Rutledge, Pennsylvania in majority white Delaware County. The day before he was to move in, a fire burned down the house.[1] After the fire, the township attempted to exercise eminent domain and claim Raymond's property as a site for a new town hall. Raymond threatened legal action and the township backed down. The house was rebuilt and Raymond took residence in the house in 1959.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=310}} In 1964, a month long series of almost nightly protests initiated by Stanley Branche and the Committee for Freedom Now against the Chester School Board de facto segregation of schools were marked by violence and charges of police brutality. Raymond presented the school board with a list of 10 demands including teacher transfers, transportation of students to schools in other neighborhoods, hiring blacks for supervisory positions and hiring more black secretaries.[2] Over six hundred people were arrested over a two month period of civil rights rallies, marches, pickets, boycotts and sit-ins.{{sfn|Mele|2017|p=95}} LegacyRaymond was presented the Freedom Award by Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall.{{sfn|McLarnon|p=341}} Three scrapbooks created by Raymond of newspaper clippings, booklets and photographs chronicling the Chester civil rights movement throughout the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s are available online at the Wolfman Digital Collections at Widener University.[3] Notes1. ^{{cite book |title=NAACP: Celebrating a Century, 100 years in Pictures |date=2009 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0527-0 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZHT444Ok_0C&pg=PA206&dq=george+raymond+naacp+chester+pa&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH1u2g0J_cAhWRm-AKHVWADKsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=george%20raymond%20naacp%20chester%20pa&f=false |accessdate=14 July 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=RIOTS MAR PEACE IN CHESTER, PA.; Negro Protests Continue - School Policy at Issue |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/26/archives/riots-mar-peace-in-chester-pa-negro-protests-continueschool-policy.html |website=www.nytimes.com |accessdate=13 July 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web |title=Chester--George Raymond Papers |url=http://digitalwolfgram.widener.edu/digital/collection/p270801coll18 |accessdate=14 July 2018}} References
| last = McLarnon | first = John M. | date = 2002 | title = "Old Scratchhead" Reconsidered: George Raymond & Civil Rights in Chester, Pennsylvania | work = Pennsylvania History | volume=69 | issue=3 | url = https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/viewFile/25768/25537 | pages = 297-341 | ref = {{sfnRef|McLarnon}}
| last = Mele | first = Christopher | year = 2017 | title = Race and the Politics of Deception: The Making of an American City | publisher = New York University Press | isbn = 978-1-4798-6609-0 | ref = harv | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xAl3DQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover Further reading
| last = Sigmond | first = Carl E. | date = 29 August 2011 | title = African American residents of Chester, PA, demonstrate to end de facto segregation in public schools, 1963-1966 | work = | url = https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/african-american-residents-chester-pa-demonstrate-end-de-facto-segregation-public-schools-19 | accessdate = 13 July 2018 | ref = }} External links
8 : 1914 births|1999 deaths|20th-century African-American activists|Activists for African-American civil rights|Chester High School alumni|National Association for the Advancement of Colored People activists|People from Chester, Pennsylvania|School desegregation pioneers |
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