“1968 South Australian state election”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1968 South Australian State election was held in South Australia on 2 March 1968.^[1] All 39 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election; 38 of the 39 contests were won by candidates from Australia's two major political parties. The incumbent Australian Labor Party (led by Premier of South Australia Don Dunstan) and the Liberal and Country League (led by Leader of the Opposition Steele Hall) both won 19 seats.^[2] The sole independent candidate to win a race, Tom Stott of the Ridley electorate, joined with the LCL's 19 seats to form a coalition government that held a 20 to 19 majority, thus defeating the Dunstan ALP government.

Outcome

The election saw the Liberal and Country League opposition form a minority government, winning the same number of seats in the House of Assembly as the incumbent Australian Labor Party government,^[3] despite the fact that Labor won 53.2 percent of the two-party vote,^[4] and the LCL only 46.8. This result was due to what had become known as the Playmander − an electoral malapportionment that had previously resulted in the LCL also forming government despite having a clear minority of the statewide two-party vote in 1944, 1953 and 1962.

Labor lost the seats of Murray and Chaffey to the LCL.^[5] Murray was decided by a mere 21 votes, which, if they had gone in the other direction, would have secured Labor's return for a second term of government.

The LCL were able to form minority government in the hung parliament with confidence and supply from the long-serving crossbench independent MP Tom Stott, who held the balance of power.^[6] Stott, a good friend of former Premier Playford, and an opponent of Labor, agreed to support the LCL and became Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly.^[7] This allowed the LCL to form government by one seat.

LCL leader Steele Hall had served as Leader of the Opposition for two years before becoming Premier. Young and handsome, he was also the first Australian state premier to sport sideburns. Indeed, the 1968 election, fought between Hall and his opponent Don Dunstan, was described by the Democratic Labor Party as the battle of "the matinée idols".

The 1968 election was also notable for the result in the seat of Millicent. Labor won the seat by a single vote. However, a by-election was triggered by a decision of the Court of Disputed Returns.^[8] The by-election saw Labor increase their margin. Notably, turnout increased at the by-election.^[2]

Subsequent electoral reform

Hall was embarrassed that the LCL was even in a position to govern despite having clearly lost in terms of actual votes. Acknowledging that the obvious unfairness of the election result put him in a politically unacceptable position, he decided to institute electoral reforms to weaken the malapportionment of the Playmander.^[9]^[10]

Since 1936, the House of Assembly had comprised 39 seats - 13 in metropolitan Adelaide, and 26 in the country. That was in accordance with the requirement of the State Constitution that there be two country seats for every one in Adelaide. However, by 1968, Adelaide accounted for two-thirds of the state's population, a nearly-exact reversal of the situation three decades earlier. Although the population in metropolitan areas outnumbered that in rural areas 620,000 to 450,000, the number of members representing the rural areas was twice that allotted to metropolitan areas.^[11]

The most populous metropolitan seats had five to ten times as many voters as the least populous rural seats. For instance, the rural seat of Frome had 4,500 formal votes, while the metropolitan seat of Enfield had 42,000 formal votes. At the election, the LCL won only three metropolitan seats – Burnside, Mitcham and Torrens. However, Labor lost two country seats to the LCL, which resulted in a hung parliament.

Hall's reforms included increasing the size of House of Assembly to 47 seats - 28 metropolitan seats and 19 rural seats - the increase of 15 metropolitan seats more than doubling the previous number. Because country areas remained over-represented, the change fell short of the "one vote one value" that Labor had demanded. The most populous metropolitan seats still contained double the number of voters in the least populous rural seats. Neverthelss, while the rural weighting remained, Adelaide would now elect a majority of the legislature. Even at its height in the 1940s and 1950s, the LCL had been all but non-existent in Adelaide. Under the circumstances, the reforms made it a near-certainty that Labor would win the next election; indeed, conventional wisdom held that Hall was well aware he had effectively made Dunstan premier for a second time.

Subsequent collapse of minority government and further reforms

Eventually, Hall and Stott fell out over the proposed Chowilla Dam. Stott wanted the dam built in his electorate, while Hall thought its construction was not justified. Constituent pressure forced Stott to vote against the Hall government, leading to an early election - the 1970 South Australian state election - which was fought on much fairer electoral boundaries.^[12] As expected, Dunstan led Labor to a decisive victory. Further reforms replaced the Playmander with a "one vote one value" system after the 1975 election, at which Labor retained government despite a two-party-preferred vote of 49.2 percent.

A further reform was effected following the 1989 election, at which Labor retained government despite a two-party vote of 48.1 percent. It was enacted that the Electoral Districts Boundaries Commission should redraw electoral boundaries after each election, with the objective that the party which received over 50 percent of the state-wide two-party vote at the forthcoming election should win the majority of seats. South Australia is the only state that redistributes electoral boundaries on the basis of the two-party vote. One element of the Playmander remains to this day − the change from multi-member electorates to single-member electorates.

Results

Post-election pendulum

Legislative Council Results

See also

Notes

1. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=MDQ-9Oe3GGUC&dat=19680304&printsec=frontpage&hl=en "SA Govt. fights for life"], The Age (Melbourne), March 4, 1968, p1
2. ^¹{{cite book|last=Jaensch|first=Dean|url=http://www.ecsa.sa.gov.au/publications?view=document&id=480|title=History of South Australian elections 1857-2006: House of Assembly, Volume 1|date=March 2007|chapter=The 1968 General Election - Formed the 39th Parliament|via=Electoral Commission of South Australia|publisher=State Electoral Office South Australia|pages=289–292|isbn=9780975048634}}
3. ^{{cite web|last=Green|first=Antony|author-link=Antony Green|url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2010/08/hung-parliament-where-to-from-here.html|title=Antony Green's election blog: Hung Parliament - Where to From Here?|date=27 August 2010|website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|quote=After the 1968 South Australian election, the Dunstan Labor government finished with 19 seats, the same as the Liberal Country League opposition, (...). Labor had a clear majority of the vote and Dunstan refused to resign as Premier, forcing the vote to the floor of Parliament where his government was defeated.|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
4. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107039931|title=S.A. Election: two seats still in doubt|date=5 March 1968|page=|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=The Leader of the Federal Opposition, Mr Whitlam, said in Perth today the 53 per cent Labor vote in South Australia was the largest recorded by any Australian Party in 20 years.|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
5. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107059260|title=Mr. Hall's next move|date=24 June 1968|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=Millicent suggests that had by-elections been held also in the two seats that Labor lost, Murray and Chaffey, (...).|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
6. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107040590|title=Cliff-hanging in South Australia|date=8 March 1968|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=If the parties finish 19 seats all the doughty Independent, Mr Tom Stott, who could be expected to support the LCL will hold the balance of power.|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
7. ^{{cite news|last=Aitkin|first=Don|author-link=Don Aitkin|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107061881|title=Between the Lines|date=10 July 1968|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=At the next election [1968] there was a tic, resolved by the decision of the Independent Member for Ridley, Mr Stott, to support the LCL. Though not a member of that party, Mr Stott was nevertheless a countryman, and therefore shrewd, stable and possessed of the long view. And in order, perhaps, to better exercise his independence, he accepted the position of Speaker of the House of Assembly.|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107059263|title=The vote in Millicent|date=24 June 1968|newspaper=The Canberra Times|page=2|via=Trove|author=|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
9. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107042972|title=Steele Hall Confident|date=22 March 1968|page=3|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=One of the first things I'll [Steele] do is push through some electoral reforms so that we won't have the undignified spectacle of people scrambling for votes two or three weeks after the election as they are at present.|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
10. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107043951|title=Reform: SA style|date=28 March 2016|page=3|newspaper=The Canberra Times|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
11. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article107041826|title=Rationalizing the gerrymander|date=15 March 1968|page=2|newspaper=The Canberra Times|quote=Under the South Australian gerrymander, 450,000 country people are represented in the House of Assembly by 26 members, and 620,000 city people by only 13 members, (...).|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
12. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article110318896|title=Speaker's vote defeats SA Government|date=1 May 1970|page=1|newspaper=The Canberra Times|via=Trove|accessdate=1 February 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=Details of SA 1968 Election|url=http://elections.uwa.edu.au/elecdetail.lasso?keyvalue=832|publisher=Australian Politics and Elections Database}}