| 词条 | German-American Petroleum Company |
| 释义 |
German-American Petroleum Company known as Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum Gesellschaft was a German petroleum company that was a subsidiary of Standard Oil and was founded in 1890.[1] From 1950 onwards the company was called the Esso Deutschland GmbH and has been a subsiduary of the ExxonMobil group since 1999. HistoryOn 25 February 1890 a joint venture between the German industrialists Franz Ernst Schütte[2], Carl Schütte and Wilhelm Anton Riedemann and the American industrialist John D. Rockefeller was agreed in the German city of Bremen to create a subsidiary of Standard Oil that would operate as petroleum business in Germany.[3] In 1891, the petrol import business of Edmund Siemers was transferred to the company[4]In the mid-1890s, the company took over half of the shares of the Bremen Petroleum Refinery.[5] At the beginning of the 20th century, the petroleum was sold under the brand DAPOL and the American gasoline under the brand DAPOLIN with the famous Indian head. In 1904, the Standard Oil Company took a 50 per cent stake in the company and moved the company's headquarters to Hamburg.[6] After the Benzene association scientist, Walter Oswald had developed a super-gasoline in 1924 by adding benzene to gasoline.[7], a DAPG delivery agreement enabled them to also offer a knock-resistant super gasoline by adding about 40% benzene. This product was called Duolin and sold in September 1928 as red-coloured Esso. A 10% benzene was added to the dapoline fuel to increase the knock resistance. In 1928 the tanker shipping company of the German-American Petroleum Society was renamed to the Waried Tankschiff Rhederei GmbH.[8] During the global economic crisis, the shares of MAN and Haniel in the Oelhag, the German petroleum company were bought by the German-American Petroleum Society and Rhenania-Ossag. ARCO, the American oil company sold so many shares at that time, that the three companies each owned a third of the shares. In 1930, the supply regulation of potato spirit for fuel purposes came into force in Germany for all fuel companies. In each case, 2.5% by weight of the produced or imported quantity of fuel was to be obtained from the Reich monopoly administration. This rate increased gradually until October 1932 to 10%. In 1931 DAPOLIN was renamed Standard Gasoline.[9] In 1935, the German-American Petroleum Company was the market leader in Germany among the Big Five petrol station chains with 18,327 petrol stations (32.7%) as well as with Rhenania-Ossag with a sales ratio of 20.9%. During 1937-1938 the brand was renamed to ESSO. Later in 1938, the new ESSO brand was printed on the cover sheet of the drivers manual.[10] In 1938, German-American Petroleum Company and Rhenania-Ossag, with the help of their non-executable foreign exchange reserves, took over half of Oelhag. At this time, the Standard Oil of New Jersey owned 94% of the German-American Petroleum Society. As a result of the Anschluss of Austria in 1938 and the subsequent reorganization of the local industry, the Vacuum Oil Company was assigned to German-American Petroleum Society along with its refinery in the Kagran area of Vienna[11] At the start of World War II, the German economy was converted to a war footing and all petroleum distribution companies in the Association of Petroleum Distribution were merged and only gasoline with no attached branding was sold. As the German-American Petroleum Company was still considered a German Company it was put on the List of Defense Contractors and received preferential material quotation. Two directors of the company, Karl Lindemann and Emil Helfferich were members of the Freundeskreis der Wirtschaft. Literature
References1. ^{{cite book|author1=Francis R. Nicosia|author2=Jonathan Huener|author3=University of Vermont. Center for Holocaust Studies|title=Business and Industry in Nazi Germany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_F2TIZs5s2EC&pg=PA115 |accessdate=2 March 2019|year=2004|publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-57181-653-5 |page=115}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Rudolf Vierhaus|title=Schlumberger - Thiersch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt0P6_HDwpIC&pg=PA256|accessdate=2 March 2019|date=3 May 2011|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-096502-5|page=256}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Rainer Karlsch|author2=Raymond G. Stokes|title=Faktor Öl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDNyGpCS9WsC&pg=PA57|accessdate=2 March 2019 |year=2003|publisher=C.H.Beck |language=German|isbn=978-3-406-50276-7 |page=57}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Michael Werner|title=Stiftungsstadt und Bürgertum: Hamburgs Stiftungskultur vom Kaiserreich bis in den Nationalsozialimus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l7HyCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|accessdate=3 March 2019|date=10 March 2015|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-486-71388-6|page=107}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Ida M. Tarbell|title=The History of the Standard Oil Company: Briefer Version|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_fBAgAAQBAJ|accessdate=3 March 2019|date=8 March 2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=978-0-486-13995-1}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Lamp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFsrAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=3 March 2019|volume=70-72|year=1991 |publisher=Standard Oil Company |page=40}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Stephan Scholtissek|title=Innovation Excellence: Creating Market Success in the Energy and Natural Resources Sectors|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0i0qDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT21|accessdate=13 March 2019|date=25 February 2011|publisher=mi-Wirtschaftsbuch|isbn=978-3-86416-000-4|page=21}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Fairplay Weekly Shipping Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap0eAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=13 March 2019|year=1956 |publisher=Fairplay Publications Limited |location=University of Minnesota|page=385}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=ExxonMobil in Germany |url=https://corporate.exxonmobil.de/de-de/unternehmen/%C3%BCber-uns/unsere-geschichte |website=ExxonMobil Corporate |publisher=ExxonMobil |accessdate=16 March 2019 |language=German}} 10. ^Handbuch für Kraftwagenfahrer, 5th edition 1937 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Karlsch |first1=Rainer |last2=Stokes |first2=Raymond G |title=Faktor Öl : die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859-1974 |date=2003 |publisher=Verlag, C.H. Beck |location=Munich |isbn=9783406502767 |language=German|oclc=1085549828}} 2 : Standard Oil|Energy companies established in the 1890s |
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