| 释义 |
- History Early immigration, establishment of the Germania Mills Second wave of immigration Decline and contemporary history
- Institutions Newspapers and publishers
- International relations
- Legacy
- See also
- Notes
- References
- Further reading
- External links
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = German people in Holyoke
| native_name = Die deutsche Einwanderkolonie von Holyoke
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_caption = Members of the Holyoke Turn Verein in the Board of Directors and Ladies Auxiliary, 1946
| total = ≈2,660 (1895)[1]{{efn|6.6% of an estimated 40,322}}
1,887 (2017)[2]
| total_year =
| total_source =
| total_ref =
| genealogy =
| regions =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 = | region2 = | pop2 = | ref2 =| region3 = | pop3 = | ref3 = | region33 = | pop33 = | ref33 = | languages = American English,
Upper Saxon German (in 19th century)| religions = | footnotes = }}{{Ethnic Holyoke sidebar}}Despite representing a significantly smaller population than their Irish, French, Polish, or Puerto Rican counterparts, in the late 19th century through the mid-20th century, German immigrants predominantly from Saxony and Rhineland played a significant economic, cultural, and political role in the history of Holyoke, Massachusetts. The influx of these immigrants can largely be attributed to a single mill and millworker complex, the Germania Woolen Mills, which formed the basis of the immigrant colony ({{lang-de|link=yes|die deutsche Einwanderkolonie von Holyoke}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "the German immigrant colony from Holyoke") that would make the ward encompassing the South Holyoke neighborhood that with the highest German population per capita, in all of New England by 1875.[{{cite book|title=Islands of Deutschtum: German-Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870-1942|publisher=P. Lang|year=1996|last=McCaffery|first=Robert Paul|oclc=246910510}}]
4. ^1 {{cite book|title=Dining Out in Boston: A Culinary History|last=O'Connell|first=James C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tppjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA113|page=113|year=2017|publisher=University Press of New England|location=Hanover and London}}
5. ^{{cite book | last1=Green | first=Constance McLaughlin |author-link=Constance McLaughlin Green|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.59808/2015.59808.Holyoke-Massachusetts-A-Case-History-Of-The-Inkistrial-Revolution-In-America#page/n11/mode/2up|title=Holyoke, Massachusetts; a case history of the industrial revolution in America | year=1939 | publisher=Yale University Press |location = New Haven |series=Yale Historical Publications|number=XXXIV}}
6. ^{{cite book | last1=Harper | first=Wyatt E. | title=The Story of Holyoke | year=1973 | publisher=Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke |chapter=Jewish Immigration To Holyoke|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp/#page/170|page=170| oclc=8060402 |url = https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/n0/mode/2up}}
7. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=HLY.46|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328171254/http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=HLY.46|title=HLY.46 Holyoke Turn Verein - Turn Halle|publisher=Massachusetts Historical Commission|website=Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS)}}
8. ^1 {{cite book|chapter=History of the Holyoke Turn Verein 1871–1946|pages=17, 19, 21|last1=Reiher|last2=Klopfer|first1=Henry|first2=Oscar|publisher=Holyoke Turn Verein, Inc.; Printed by Kenneth R. Brooks|location=Holyoke, Mass.|year=1946|title=Souvenir Program Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Holyoke Turn Verein, Inc; June 7-8-9, 1946}}
9. ^{{cite book|chapter=History of the Holyoke Turn Verein|page=7|last1=Reiher|last2=Klopfer|first1=Henry|first2=Oscar|publisher=Holyoke Turn Verein, Inc.; Marcus Printing Company|location=Holyoke, Mass.|year=1971|title=[Souvenir Program Commemorating the 100th Anniversary] of the Holyoke Turn Verein; October 2, 1971}}
10. ^HLY.46, Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS), Massachusetts Historical Commission
11. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke Turners Come to Front: Take Laurel Wreath, Diploma and First Place in State Turnfest|date=June 19, 1916|page=12|work=Hartford Courant|location=Hartford, Conn.}}
12. ^{{cite news|work=Daily Boston Globe|date=June 19, 1938|page=C13|title=New England Turnfest Contests at Holyoke|location=Boston, Mass.}}
13. ^{{cite news|work=Holyoke Transcript|date=April 29, 1905|title=The Schiller Festival, Centennial Celevration Here; The Memory of the Great German Poet to Be Fittingly Remembered at the Opera House May 14|location=Holyoke, Mass.}}
14. ^{{cite news|date=January 24, 1913|page=13|work=Springfield Union|title=Fancy Dress Balls|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Employment for 150 Expected by Spring; Germania Mills Will Bring Livingston Division From R. I. to Holyoke|page=11|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Republican|date=January 17, 1934}}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Worsted Plant In Holyoke to End Operations; Livingston Mills Head Attributes Closing to Japanese Imports|page=5|date=August 28, 1964|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Union}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=Incinerator, Playground Issues Deeply Discussed; Mayor May Have Order Introduced for Waste Disposal Apparatus After He Gets More Data—Ward 2 Field Site Suggestion Adopted|date=May 27, 1944|page=7|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
18. ^{{cite news|title=Pair Rescued in Block Fire Face Charges; Officials Believe Blaze in Germania Building Was Deliberately Set|date=August 30, 1956|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=7|work=Springfield Union}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=Pool sits on cavity, may fail|last=McLaughlin|first=Suzanne|work=Springfield Union|page=1|date=May 11, 1982}}
20. ^{{cite news|title=Richard H. Dietz, Known as Baker, Dies at Holyoke — Native of Germany Came to Holyoke in 1881 — Was Active in Civic and Fraternal Affairs|date=December 8, 1935|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=In 1883 he went back to the baking business and established a little shop at Park and Jackson Streets. Soon he secured larger quarters at Bridge and Adams Streets and in 1889 built a block on Park Street. In 1899 he sold his block and acquired property at 440 High Street, subsequently buying out a bakery across the street. In 1910 he established a bakery at Springfield and in 1918 merged his business with the Massachusetts Baking Company, which in 1918 was bought by the Continental Baking Company.}}
21. ^{{Citation |last = Clark | first = Rusty | title = Holyoke, Massachusetts: Stories Carved in Stone | page = 171-172 | publisher = Dog Pond Press | location = West Springfield, MA | year = 2004 | ISBN=0-9755362-6-5 }}
22. ^{{cite AV media | date = 13 August 2015 | title = Dreikorns - (1987) | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss-2rE_rdx8 | publisher = Old Skool Television}}* {{cite AV media | date = 26 February 2010 | title = Vintage Commercials 1987 Fast Food Beverages Snacks | via = Youtube | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3o5jXz1mXvc&t=260s | publisher = IxAMxABU| time = 4:20 - 4:45}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Former bakery leased to agency|date=December 1, 1998|work=Springfield Union-News|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=B01|last=Lauer|first=Martin J|quote=Some say you can still smell fresh baked bread, though the business closed in 1987.}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?FEIN=041259070|title=Dreikorn's Inc.|publisher=Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts|website=Corporations Division|accessdate=March 27, 2019}}
25. ^{{cite news|title=Dreikorn's Bakery sells sales rights to Stroehmann|date=September 12, 1987|page=7|work=Springfield Union-News|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
26. ^{{cite news|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=September 8, 1899|title=Steiger Block at Holyoke; Handsome Building Will be the First in City Devoted to Dry Goods}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://newenglandtravels.blogspot.com/2009/08/shopping-at-albert-steiger-inc.html |title=Shopping at Albert Steiger, Inc. |author=Jacqueline T. Lynch |date=August 4, 2009 |work=New England Travels |accessdate=January 2, 2017}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=Officers of Four Lodges Installed at Hermann Hall; Teutonia, Thusnelda, Beethoven, Amalia Groups in Exercises|date=January 31, 1953|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|page=5}}
29. ^1 {{cite book |last=Allyn|first=George H.| title=Thirtieth Anniversary Sketch, Holyoke Daily Transcript, 1882–1912 | year=1912 | publisher=The Transcript Publishing Co. | oclc= 24571746 |url = https://archive.org/stream/holyokedailytran00ally#page/n0/mode/2up}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke|quote=Teutonia lodge of Harugari will hold its anniversary ball in the hall of the Bridge-street Turners this evening. The Columbia orchestra will furnish the music|date=November 20, 1891|page=6|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
31. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Sons of Hermann Open New Home; Building in South Summer Street, Holyoke, Visited by Many Guests; Structure cost $30,000; Mayor White Among Those Who Deliver Addresses and Greet Friends of Lodge|date=October 13, 1912|page=12|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
32. ^{{cite book|title=Annual Directory of Labor Organizations in Massachusetts|issue=196|year=1953|publisher=Massachusetts Dept. of Labor and Industries; Division of Statistics|page=59|quote=Brewery Workers No. 141 (CIO). 2nd Fri.; Sons of Hermann Hall, 629 Summer St}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Ralph Thomson Honored by Holyoke Firemen|page=44|date=March 12, 1966|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.|quote=Ralph R. Thomson, who will assume duties as superintendent of fire alarms in Worcester soon, was honored by members of the Holyoke Fire Department at a testimonial dinner in Sons of Hermann Hall in Holyoke Thursday night.}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=Observe Anniversary of Sons of Herman [sic]; Teutonia and Thusnelda Lodges Have Dinner in Honor of Birthday|page=2|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=November 20, 1932}}
35. ^{{cite news|title=Seats Officers of Three Units, Sons of Herman; Grand President Conducts Ceremony for Amalia, Teutonia, Thusnelda|date=January 20, 1951|page=10|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=Otto Broeker|date=October 3, 1965|page=7|work=Springfield Union|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
37. ^{{cite news|title=Action Ordered|quote=Lt. George F. Burns, head-of the Crime Prevention Bureau, said he had asked the License Board to 'take action' against the Sons of Hermann Club at 629 South Summer St...operated by Raymond Feyre|date=January 19, 1968|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Union|page=6}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=Edward O. Foerster|work=Springfield Union|page=3|date=February 21, 1976|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
39. ^1 {{cite book|title=The German-American Radical Press: The Shaping of a Left Political Culture|editor1=Elliott Shore|editor2=Ken Fones-Wolk|editor3=James P. Danky|editor4=James Philip Danky|page=216|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana and Chicago|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWoK7d3ncXkC&pg=PA216}}
40. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|publisher=Quelle & Meyer Publishers|location=Heidelberg|year=1961|last1=Arndt|first=Karl J. R.|last2=Olson|first2=May E.|title=German-American Newspapers and Periodicals, 1732–1955; history and bibliography|pages=207–208}}
41. ^{{cite book | last1=Harper | first=Wyatt E. | title=The Story of Holyoke | year=1973 | publisher=Centennial Committee of the City of Holyoke |chapter=German Settlers|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp/#page/84|page=84| oclc=8060402 |url = https://archive.org/stream/storyofholyoke00harp#page/n0/mode/2up}}
42. ^1 {{cite magazine|magazine=The Fourth Estate|date=July 28, 1917|page=30|title=August Lehmann|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gThKAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PA30}}
43. ^1 {{cite book|title=N.W. Ayer & Son's American Newspaper Annual and Directory; A Catalogue of American Newspapers|publisher=N. W. Ayer & Son|location=Philadelphia|pages=409, 1250, 1290|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXzysWdM7sEC}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=Well-Known German Residents Celebrate Their Anniversary|date=November 24, 1909|page=11|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Republican|quote=[In 1885, William Thieme] then bought the Holyoke Journal, a German paper, and was a parner [sic] in the firm of the German-American Publishing company. The name of the paper was later changed to the New England Rundschau. He retired from active business in 1893}}
45. ^1 {{cite web|archive-date=January 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127110751/http://www.hitchcockpress.com/index.php?page=about-us|url=http://www.hitchcockpress.com/index.php?page=about-us|title=About Us|website=Hitchcock Press|accessdate=March 30, 2019}}
46. ^{{cite news|title=Holyoke|quote=The publishers of the Holyoke Journal and the Beobachter, the two German papers, Messrs Thieme and Pauhg, will consolidate the two next week under a new name, yet to be decided. The new paper will be larger than either of the others...|date=February 2, 1889|page=6|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
47. ^{{cite news|title=Two German-Language Papers Near Their End|quote=Holyoke, June—The final issues of the New England Rundschau; a German language paper which has circulated in Western Massachusetts for the past 59 years, and the Staats-Zeitung, a similar paper circulating in Connecticut, are being published this week. They have been published by the Wisly Printing company. Victor Wisly said today that economic forces have worked adversely against the continuance of publication|date=June 26, 1942|page=7|work=Springfield Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=German Papers Here Spread Poison|quote=At [the start of WWI] ...it was deemed by the government the wiser policy to give the German-language papers a chance to prove the patriotism they insisted they posessed...the following extracts, gleaned from a few of the more prominent papers, indicate the present spirit of practically the entire German-language press:...The New England Rundschau: 'Germany is more democratic than the United States.'|date=December 25, 1917|location=Springfield, IL|work=Daily Illinois State Register|page=4}}
49. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure|date=7 June 1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0As-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA845|title=Bremsversuche an einer New American-Turbine|page=845|trans-title=Brake tests on a New American turbine|language=German|volume=XXXXVI|issue=23}}* {{cite book|title=Die Francis-Turbinen und die Entwicklung des modernen Turbinenbaues|last=Müller|first=Wilhelm|page=437|chapter=XXIV. Amerika|location=Hannover|year=1905|publisher=Verlag von Gebrüder Jänecke}}* {{cite magazine|title=Sitzungberichte der Bezirksvereine|trans-title=Meeting Reports of District Association|language=German|page=346|magazine=Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure|volume=XLIV|issue=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gwo-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA346}}
50. ^{{cite book|title=Maschinenarbeit und Ausnutzung der Naturkräfte in Amerika|trans-title=Machine work and exploitation of natural forces in America|last1=Gutermuth|last2=Reichel|last3=Riedler|volume=I|publisher=Julius Springer|location=Berlin|year=1893|pages=83-93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9IOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K9IOAAAAYAAJ|chapter=Studien über Wasserkräfte in Amerika}}
51. ^{{cite news|title=NYA at Holyoke to Train Three German Refugees; State Director Announces Boys Who Recently Fled Nazi Persecution Will Be Accepted With 70 Western Mass. Boys to Take Courses|page=8|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Republican|date=March 11, 1939}}
52. ^{{cite news|title=G. S. Viereck, Writer, Dies at Holyoke; Attracted Wide Attention During Two Wars for Pro-German Views|date=March 20, 1962|pages=1-2|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Union}}
53. ^{{cite book|title=Thomas Register of American Manufacturers|publisher=Thomas Publishing Company|volume=XXIII|pages=2-10 - 2-11|location=New York}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=About Us|website=Ruwac USA|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327160157/https://www.ruwac.com/about-us/|url=https://www.ruwac.com/about-us}}
55. ^{{cite news|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327155218/https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2018/03/hofbrauhaus_restaurant_in_west_springfie.html|url=https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2018/03/hofbrauhaus_restaurant_in_west_springfie.html|work=MassLive|last=Berry|first=Conor|title=Hofbrauhaus restaurant in West Springfield 'closing doors for good,' owners say|date=March 14, 2018|location=Springfield, Mass.}}
56. ^{{cite news|title=Chicopee's Munich Haus to add an outdoor German beer garden|last=DeForge|first=Jeanette|work=The Republican|location=Springfield, Mass.|date=May 21, 2012|url=https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2012/05/chicopees_munich_haus_to_add_an_outdoor.html|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327154933/https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2012/05/chicopees_munich_haus_to_add_an_outdoor.html}}
57. ^{{cite news|title=Churches Mark Passion Sunday|date=March 28, 1955|location=Springfield, Mass.|work=Springfield Union|page=2|quote=Members of St. John's Lutheran Church attended groundbreaking ceremonies for the new edifice of First Lutheran Church, Holyoke}}
58. ^{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=21|issue=2|title=Die deutsche Einwandererkolonie von Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865-1920 Gerhard Wiesinger|last=Kamphoefner|first=Walter D.|date=December 1, 1997}}
Further reading- {{cite book|title=Islands of Deutschtum: German-Americans in Manchester, New Hampshire and Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1870-1942|publisher=P. Lang|year=1996|last=McCaffery|first=Robert Paul|oclc=246910510}}
- {{cite book | last1=Wiesinger | first=Gerwart | title=Die deutsche Einwandererkolonie von Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920|trans-title=The German Immigrant Colony of Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1865–1920 |location=Stuttgart |language=German | year=1994 | publisher=F. Steiner Verlag | oclc=31941276 }}
- {{cite book|title=Turnen and Sport|editor=Annette R. Hofmann|chapter=Translating Gymnastics Into Economic and Political Power: The Rise and Decline of the German Turnverein in Holyoke, Massachusetts, 1871–1910|pages=121–146|publisher=Waxmann Münster|location=New York, München, Berlin|year=2004|last=Wiesinger|first=Gerhard}}
External links- American Turners
- [https://www.facebook.com/HolyokeTurnHall Holyoke Turn Hall], Facebook
- [https://www.lutheranholyoke.org/ First Lutheran Church of Holyoke]
- [https://archive.org/details/NeuEnglandRunschauNewEnglandRundschau5151947 Neu England Rundschau] issue for May 15, 1942
- [https://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:1v53k405t Shoeshine boy and companions in front of the fire station, 450 Main Street], photo from the Milan P. Warner Collection; features part of facade of German-American Publishing building at right edge of frame
{{German Americans by location}} 5 : History of Holyoke, Massachusetts|German-American history|German emigrants to the United States|German-American culture in Massachusetts|German-American culture by city |