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词条 German torpedo boat Albatros
释义

  1. Design and armament

  2. Construction and career

     Spanish Civil War  Interwar  Second World War 

  3. Notes

  4. Citations

  5. Bibliography

{{good article}}{{otherships|List of ships named Albatross}}{{coord|59|5|40|N|10|47|30|E|region:FR_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = SketchPlan&ElevationMöweClass.svg image alt = Schematic drawing of a ship, with top, side, aft, and bow views. Ship caption = Right elevation and plan of the Type 23
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=GermanyWeimar Republic|naval}} {{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}Ship name=AlbatrosShip namesake=AlbatrossShip ordered=Ship builder= Reichsmarinewerft WilhelmshavenShip original cost=Ship yard number=105Ship way number=Ship laid down=5 October 1925Ship launched=15 July 1926Ship sponsor=Ship christened=Ship completed= 15 May 1927Ship commissioned=Ship fate=Beached, 10 April 1940Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=(as built)Ship class=Type 23 torpedo boat923|LT|t}} (standard)
  • {{convert|1290|LT|t}} (deep load)
87.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} o/a8.25|m|ftin|abbr=on}}3.65|m|ft|abbr=on|0}}Ship propulsion=*2 × shafts
  • 2 × geared steam turbine sets
33|kn|lk=in}}1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|17|kn}}Ship power=*3 × water-tube boilers
  • {{convert|23000|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
Ship complement=12010.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} guns
  • 2 × triple {{convert|500|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes
  • 30 mines
Ship notes=
}}

Albatros was the fourth of six Type 23 torpedo boats built for the German Navy (initially called the Reichsmarine and then renamed as the Kriegsmarine in 1935). Completed in 1928, she often served as a flagship of various torpedo boat units. The ship made multiple non-intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. After an attack by aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force killed German sailors in 1937, Albatros participated in the retaliatory bombardment of Almería.

At the beginning of World War II in 1939, she helped to lay minefields and made anti-shipping patrols before participating in Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of Norway in April 1940. Albatros fired the first shots of the campaign when she encountered and crippled a Norwegian patrol boat. She was lightly damaged during the Battle of Horten Harbor. Albatros then ran aground and was wrecked while maneuvering in an attempt to avoid Norwegian coastal artillery.

Design and armament

{{main article|Type 23 torpedo boat}}

Derived from the World War I-era torpedo boat {{SMS|H145}},{{refn|"SMS" stands for "Seiner Majestät Schiff" ({{lang-de|link=no|His Majesty's Ship}}).|group=Note}} the Type 23 torpedo boat was slightly larger, but had a similar armament and speed.[1] The Type 23 had an overall length of {{convert|87.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} and was {{convert|85.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} long at the waterline.[2] The ships had a beam of {{convert|8.25|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean draft of {{convert|3.65|m|ft|sp=us|0}}. They displaced {{convert|923|LT|t}} at standard load and {{convert|1290|LT|t}} at deep load.[2] The pair of Schichau geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, were designed to produce {{convert|23000|shp|lk=on}} using steam from three water-tube boilers, which propelled the ship at {{convert|33|kn|lk=on}}.[3] Albatros carried a maximum of {{convert|321|t|LT|0|sp=us}} of fuel oil which was intended to give a range of {{convert|3600|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|17|kn}}.[1] The effective range proved to be only {{convert|1800|nmi|abbr=on}} at that speed. Their crew consisted of 4 officers and 116 sailors.[2]

As built, the Type 23s mounted three {{convert|10.5|cm|in|sp=us|adj=on}} SK L/45{{refn|In Imperial German Navy gun nomenclature, "SK" (Schnelladekanone) denotes that the gun is quick firing, while the L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 caliber, meaning that the gun is 45 times as long as it is in diameter.[4]|group=Note}} guns, one forward and two aft of the superstructure; the aft superfiring gun was on an open mount while the others were protected by gun shields.[5] They carried six rotating {{convert|500|mm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} torpedo tubes in two triple mounts amidships and could also carry up to 30 mines.[6] After 1931, the torpedo tubes were replaced by {{convert|533|mm|in|sp=us|0|adj=on}} tubes and a pair of {{convert|2|cm|1|adj=on|sp=us}} C/30 anti-aircraft guns were added.{{refn|In Kriegsmarine gun nomenclature, SK stands for Schiffskanone (ship's gun), C/30 stands for Constructionjahr (Construction year) 1930.[7]|group=Note}}[1][2] At least some of the ships were fitted with depth charges, but details are lacking.[8]

Construction and career

Albatros was laid down at the Reichsmarinewerft Wilhelmshaven (Navy Yard) on 5 October 1925[3] as yard number 105, launched on 15 July 1926 and commissioned on 15 May 1927.[9] After working up, Albatros became the flagship of the 4th Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla, consisting of her sister ships {{ship|German torpedo boat|Falke||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|Greif||2}} and {{ship|German torpedo boat|Möwe||2}}. The half-flotilla was under the command of Korvettenkapitän Karl Dönitz, who later became grand admiral of the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany.[16]

In the spring of 1929, Albatros was departing Wilhelmshaven to take part in a fleet cruise in Spanish waters, and collided with Möwe at the exit from the harbor. Both ships followed the fleet four days later after repairs. In 1931, the 4th Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla and the light cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Königsberg||2}} were present during the celebrations of the 10th anniversary of the Latvian Navy in Libau. The following year, Albatros, again with her sisters and Königsberg, represented Germany at the celebration of the betrothal of the Swedish Crown Prince Gustav Adolf to the German princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. On 7 December 1932, Albatros was decommissioned and replaced by Greif as flagship of the 4th Half-Flotilla.[10]

On 5 October 1933, Albatros, commanded by Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant) Werner Hartmann, was put back into service, replacing the pre-war boat T151 in the 2nd Torpedo Boat Half-Flotilla based at Swinemünde (now Świnoujście, Poland). Albatros became the flagship of the 2nd Half-Flotilla, which consisted of Möwe and the two Type 24 torpedo boats {{Ship|German torpedo boat|Jaguar||2}} and {{Ship|German torpedo boat|Leopard||2}}, on 1 October 1934.[10]

Spanish Civil War

{{See also|German involvement in the Spanish Civil War}}

From July 1936 to October 1937, Albatros carried out three non-intervention patrols in Spanish waters which were intended to prevent men and material from reaching the participants the Spanish Civil War. On the first mission from 28 July to 27 August 1936, the four ships of the 2nd Half-Flotilla escorted the light cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Köln||2}} and the heavy cruisers {{Ship|German cruiser|Deutschland||2}} and {{Ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} to the north Spanish coast where they evacuated Germans and other refugees to France. The warships not only transported refugees, but also escorted the many merchant ships that were chartered by Germany for the repatriation of their citizens. The half-flotilla returned to Spain with Albatros from 28 September to 29 November.[10] Her sister {{ship|German torpedo boat|Seeadler||2}} ran aground while leaving Cadiz harbor that same month and had to return to Germany on one turbine, escorted by Albatros.[20]

The 2nd Half-Flotilla returned to Spain for the third time from May to June 1937. On 24 May, Republican aircraft attacked the town and harbor of Palma de Mallorca causing Deutschland to depart for Ibiza, although Albatros{{'}}s captain chose to remain in port. During subsequent attacks later that day, several bombs fell near the ship and she steamed to join the cruiser in Ibiza. Five days later, another attack was carried out on Deutschland which killed several dozen crewmen. As retaliation, Adolf Hitler ordered Admiral Scheer to bombard the Republican-held city of Almería. The four boats of the 2nd Half-Flotilla[11] escorted the ship as she did so on 31 May, targeting Republican coastal artillery, naval buildings and ships in the harbor, which killed 19 people.[12] On 24 June Albatros was replaced by Möwe, and returned to Germany escorting the light cruisers Köln and {{Ship|German cruiser|Leipzig||2}}.[10]

Interwar

In fall 1937, the 2nd Half-Flotilla was disbanded, and Albatros served as a training ship until she was decommissioned on 16 February 1938. The boat was placed back into service on 1 July 1938 and was assigned to the 6th Torpedo Boat Flotilla. She was transferred four months later to the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, which included her sisters Greif, Möwe, {{ship|German torpedo boat|Kondor||2}}, and Falke.[10]

Second World War

{{main|Action in the Oslofjord|Battle of Horten Harbour}}

At the start of World War II, Albatros was used in the defensive mining operations in the North Sea that began on 3 September 1939 that were intended to prevent the Royal Navy from entering the German Bight. Together with three destroyers and her sisters Greif and Falke, Albatros was tasked with anti-shipping patrols in the Kattegat and Skaggerak from 3 to 5 October that captured four ships.[13]

During Operation Weserübung, Albatros was assigned to Group 5 under Konteradmiral Oskar Kummetz on the heavy cruiser {{Ship|German cruiser|Blücher||2}}, tasked to capture Oslo. Albatros transported about 100 men of the invasion force and was one of the cruiser's escorts through the Baltic and Kattegat. While passing Skagen, Denmark, on 8 April the British submarine {{HMS|Triton|N15|6}} unsuccessfully attacked the cruisers of the group with torpedoes. Albatros spotted their tracks and unsuccessfully depth charged the submarine. Later that night the group encountered the Norwegian patrol boat {{HNoMS|Pol III}} in heavy fog at 23:00. After firing a warning shot and realizing that Albatros would not turn away, and was going to violate Norwegian neutrality, Pol III fired flares to alert Norwegian coastal batteries and rammed Albatros in the side. From Albatros it was clear that the guns on Pol III were manned, and that the Norwegians intended to fight. Despite clear orders from Kummetz to only fire if fired upon, the torpedo boat's captain, Kapitänleutnant Siegfried Strelow, opened fire, hitting Pol III with at least two 10.5 cm shells and raking her with machine guns, thus firing the opening shots of the campaign.[26] The Norwegian ship's crew attempted to abandon ship in the only intact boat remaining, but it capsized and they were taken aboard Albatros. Albatros{{'}}s crew set the patrol boat on fire and abandoned it, proceeding up the foggy Oslofjord independently. The torpedo boat was finally able to get a bearing from her sister Kondor and followed her towards the naval base at Karljohansvern, in the town of Horten. En route, she was spotted by the lightly armed Norwegian minesweeper {{HNoMS|Otra|1939|2}} which sheered off after radioing a report at 04:03 on 9 April.[14]

The German force tasked to occupy Karljohansvern was scheduled to do so at dawn on 9 April, but Kondor{{'}}s captain, the commander of the force, decided to assault the harbor directly since the Norwegians had already been alerted. About 140 soldiers were transferred to the small motor minesweepers R17 and R21 and the former ship was in the lead as they steamed through the harbor entrance at 04:35 at high speed, slowly followed by Albatros, while Kondor was transferring her embarked troops to another ship. The minelayer {{HNoMS|Olav Tryggvason}} engaged R17 ten minutes later and set her on fire, but not before she unloaded her troops. The minelayer was only able to get a few shots off at R21 before she steamed behind an island in the harbor. About this time, Albatros was approaching the harbor mouth and exchanged fire with Olav Tryggvason without effect. Strelow, with only a single gun able to bear on the minelayer, withdrew behind one of the outer islands and started blindly bombarding the harbor. The minelayer was occasionally struck by shrapnel, but she hit the torpedo boat with one shell at 06:30, killing two and wounding another pair of sailors. Albatros withdrew not long afterwards{{refn|O'Hara says that the boat's forward gun malfunctioned after firing eight rounds, but this is not mentioned by Haarr.[15]|group=Note}} and the German troops that had made it ashore bluffed the Norwegians into surrendering at 07:35.[16]

Later that morning, Kondor and Albatros were ordered to land their troops at Son and then, reinforced by R21, she was ordered to secure the submarine base at Teie. On the morning of 10 April, Kondor and Albatros were engaged by coastal batteries on the island of Bolærne and forced to turn away. Later that day, Albatros was escorting the merchant ship {{SS|Curityba}} while landing men on the island of Rauøy; Strelow decided to steam east of the island to avoid any further attention from the guns on Bolærne. Unbeknownst to him, sea ice had removed the marker for the Gyren shoal a few weeks earlier and Albatros struck it at a speed of {{convert|20|kn}}. The impact ripped open at least one fuel tank and holed the turbine and boiler rooms. The ship settled with a pronounced list to port and her stern in the air. She quickly lost all electrical power and several fires were ignited that caused several small explosions; Albatros was declared a total loss. The crew was rescued by the auxiliary {{ship|German trawler|V707 Arthur Dunker||2}} and was later assigned to Olav Tryggvason after the Norwegian surrender. The minelayer was initially renamed Albatros II and then became Brummer.[17]

Notes

1. ^1 2 Gröner, p. 191
2. ^1 2 Whitley 1991, p. 202
3. ^1 Whitley 2000, p. 57
4. ^Friedman, pp. 130–131
5. ^Whitley 1991, p. 45
6. ^1 Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 237
7. ^Campbell, p. 219
8. ^Haarr 2009, p. 377
9. ^Gröner, p. 192
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 Hildebrand, Röhr & Steinmetz, p. 86
11. ^1 Whitley 1991, p. 79
12. ^Haarr 2013, pp. 32–33
13. ^Rohwer, pp. 2, 6; Whitley 1991, p. 84
14. ^1 Haarr 2009, pp. 83–84, 119–123, 129
15. ^O'Hara, chapter 2
16. ^Haarr 2009, pp. 147–151
17. ^Haarr 2009, pp. 153, 155, 163, 380, fn. 11, p. 458

Citations

{{reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-0-87021-459-2}}
  • {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One|publisher=Seaforth|location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84832-100-7}}
  • {{cite book|editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Chesneau|editor2-first=Roger|title=Conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1922–1946|year=1980|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-85177-146-5|lastauthoramp=y}}
  • {{Cite book |last=Gröner|first=Erich|title=German Warships: 1815–1945|year=1990|location=Annapolis, Maryland|volume=Volume 1: Major Surface Warships|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-0-87021-790-6}}
  • {{cite book|last=Haarr|first=Geirr H.|title=The German Invasion of Norway, April 1940|year=2009|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-59114-310-9}}
  • {{cite book|last=Haarr|first=Geirr H.|title=The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940|year=2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis|isbn=978-1-59114-331-4}}
  • {{cite book| last1 = Hildebrand| first1 = Hans H.| last2 = Röhr| first2 = Albert| last3 = Steinmetz| first3 = Hans-Otto| year = 1993| title = Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe (Volume 1)| publisher = Mundus Verlag| location = Ratingen| isbn = 978-3-78220-237-4| language = German|lastauthoramp=y|trans-title=Warships of Germany}}
  • {{cite book |last1=O'Hara |first1=Vincent |title=The German Fleet at War, 1939–1945 |date=2004 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-61251-397-3 |chapter=2 The Invasion of Norway, April-June 1940}}
  • {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939-1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=978-1-59114-119-8}}
  • {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=German Destroyers of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1991|isbn=978-1-55750-302-2|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
  • {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|year=2000|publisher=Cassell & Co.|location=London|isbn=978-1-85409-521-3}}
{{Type 23 torpedo boat}}{{April 1940 shipwrecks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Albatros, German torpedo boat}}

5 : Type 23 torpedo boats|1926 ships|Ships built in Wilhelmshaven|Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War|Maritime incidents in April 1940
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