| 词条 | German torpedo boat T19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The German torpedo boat T19 was one of nine Type 37 torpedo boats built for the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) during World War II. Completed in late 1941, she served as a training ship in the Torpedo School until mid-1942 when she was transferred to France. There she laid minefields in the English Channel and escorted Axis blockade runners and U-boats through the Bay of Biscay into the Atlantic Ocean. T19 returned to Germany in late 1943 and became a training ship again for the Torpedo School. She returned to active duty a year later and supported German forces operating in the Baltic Sea. The boat was then assigned escort duties in the Skaggerak around the beginning of 1945, which included covering minelaying missions. In May T19 helped to evacuate troops and refugees from advancing Soviet forces. The boat was allocated to the United States after the war, but she was sold to Denmark a few years later. Unused by the Royal Danish Navy, T4 was scrapped in 1951–1952. Design and descriptionThe Type 37 torpedo boat was a slightly improved version of the preceding Type 35 with better range.[1] The boats had an overall length of {{convert|85.2|m|ftin|sp=us}} and were {{convert|82|m|ftin|sp=us}} long at the waterline.[2] The ships had a beam of {{convert|8.87|m|ftin|sp=us}}, and a mean draft of {{convert|2.8|m|ftin|sp=us}} at deep load and displaced {{convert|888|MT|LT|lk=on}} at standard load and {{convert|1139|MT|LT}} at deep load.[3] Their crew numbered 119 officers and sailors.[3] Their pair of geared steam turbine sets, each driving one propeller, were designed to produce {{convert|31000|shp|lk=on}} using steam from four high-pressure water-tube boilers[2] which would propel the boats at {{convert|35|kn|lk=on}}. They carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of {{convert|1600|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|19|kn}}.[4] As built, the Type 37 class mounted a single {{cvt|10.5|cm|in}} SK C/32 gun on the stern. Anti-aircraft defense was provided by a single {{cvt|3.7|cm|in}} SK C/30 anti-aircraft gun superfiring over the 10.5 cm gun and a pair of {{cvt|2|cm|1}} C/30 guns on the bridge wings. They carried six above-water {{cvt|533|mm|in}} torpedo tubes in two triple mounts and could also carry 30 mines (or 60 if the weather was good).[5] ModificationsEarly-war modifications were limited to the conversion of the foremast into a tripod mast, installation of a FuM 28{{refn|{{lang-de|Funkmess-Ortung}} (Radio-direction finder, active ranging)|group=Note}} radar with fixed antennas angled 45° to each side and a 2 cm gun superfiring over the main gun. Boats participating in the Channel Dash in February 1942 were ordered to have their aft torpedo tube mount replaced by a quadruple 2 cm gun mount, but it is not certain if this was actually done. Confirmed deliveries of this mount began in May when they were installed in the superfiring position during refits on {{ship|German torpedo boat|T13||2}} and then on {{ship|German torpedo boat|T14||2}} in June. Another mount had been fitted on the searchlight platform amidships in T19, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T18||2}} and {{ship|German torpedo boat|T21||2}} by 1944. In September, installation of a single 3.7 cm gun was ordered, either the Flak M42 or the Flak M43, in lieu of the aft torpedo tubes, in all surviving boats, but it is also uncertain if this was done. Some boats received additional {{convert|4|cm|1|abbr=on}} Bofors guns. By war's end, T19 was armed with a mix of three 4 cm or 3.7 cm guns, two quadruple 2 cm mounts and a pair of 2 cm twin-gun mounts on the bridge wings.[6] Construction and careerT19 was ordered on 5 October 1938 from Schichau, laid down at their Elbing, East Prussia, shipyard on 23 September 1939[7] as yard number 1446,[2] launched on 27 July 1940 and commissioned on 18 December 1941. She was either working up or assigned to the Torpedo School until September 1942 when she was transferred to France. T19 and her sisters T13, T14, T18 and T21 were some of the escorts for Axis blockade runners sailing from ports in the Bay of Biscay en route to Japan in September and October. On 13–14 October T19, T14 and the torpedo boats {{ship|German torpedo boat|T4||2}}, and T4 and {{ship|German torpedo boat|T10||2}}, made an unsuccessful attempt to escort the commerce raider Komet through the Channel. They were intercepted by a British force of five escort destroyers and eight motor torpedo boats (MTBs) that sank the raider and severely damaged T10. T19, on the other hand, was struck by stray machine-gun fire from Komet that wounded several men. In June–August 1943, T19 returned to the Bay of Biscay to help escort U-boats through the Bay. Now assigned to the 5th Torpedo Boat Flotilla, the boat helped to lay two minefields in the English Channel on 3–5 September together with the torpedo boats {{ship|German torpedo boat|Kondor||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|Möwe||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T25||2}} and {{ship|German torpedo boat|T27||2}}. The flotilla ({{ship|German torpedo boat|Greif||2}}, Kondor, T19, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T26||2}} and T27) laid another minefield in the Channel on 29–30 September.[8]T19 returned to Germany in October and began a refit in Bremen that lasted until February 1944 when she was reassigned to the Torpedo School. The boat returned to active duty in June and escorted the last evacuation convoy from Tallinn, Estonia, to Germany on 23 September with T13, T17, and T20. T19, T13 and T21 screened the heavy cruiser Lützow as she bombarded Soviet positions at Memel and Sworbe, on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, on 23–24 October. Escorted by the 2nd and 3rd Torpedo Boat Flotillas (T19, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T5||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T9||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T12||2}}, T13, T16 and T21) the heavy cruisers {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}} and {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} shelled Soviet positions during the evacuation of Sworbe, between 20 and 24 November. Afterwards, the 3rd Flotilla, including T19, was transferred to the Skagerrak for convoy escort duties. The boat helped to escort a minelaying mission in the North Sea on 13–14 January 1945. Together with T17 and T20, T19 escorted another minelaying mission there on 17–18 March. On 5 May, she helped to ferry 45,000 refugees from East Prussia to Copenhagen, Denmark, and returned to transport 20,000 more to Glücksburg, Germany, on the 9th. The boat was allocated to the Americans when the Allies divided the surviving ships of the Kriegsmarine amongst themselves in late 1945. The United States Navy had no interest in her and she was sold to Denmark in 1947 for $5,000. Intended for use as a flotilla leader for MTBs, she was never commissioned and was scrapped in 1950–1951.[9]Notes1. ^Whitley 1991, p. 50 2. ^1 2 Gröner, p. 193 3. ^Gardiner & Chesneau, p. 238 4. ^1 Whitley 1991, p. 202 5. ^Whitley 1991, pp. 50–51; Whitley 2000, p. 71 6. ^Whitley 2000, pp. 72–73 7. ^Whitley 1991, p. 211 8. ^Rohwer, pp. 198, 202, 256, 270, 279; Whitley 1991, pp. 121, 211 9. ^Rohwer, pp. 359, 361, 373–374, 386, 401, 414; Whitley, pp. 168, 171, 173, 180, 188–189, 191, 211 Citations{{Reflist|30em}}References
External links
2 : Type 37 torpedo boats|1940 ships |
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