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词条 1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals
释义

  1. Black Night of 25 March

  2. Reason behind the killing

  3. 14 December executions

  4. Notable victims

  5. Verdict on the killing

  6. Statistics

  7. Commemoration

  8. See also

  9. References

{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals
| partof = the 1971 Bangladesh genocide
| image = 1971 intellectuals.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| alt =
| caption =A sculpture in Meherpur showing the execution of intellectuals by the Pakistan Army in 1971
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = East Pakistan
| target = Bengali intellectuals
| coordinates =
| date = 25 March 14 – 16 December 1971
| type = Deportation, ethnic cleansing, mass murder
| fatalities = 1,111[1]
| injuries =
| victims =
| perps = Pakistani Armed Forces
Jamaat-e-Islami
Shanti committee
Razakars
Al-Badr
Al-Shams
| susperps =
| weapons =
| numparts =
| dfens =
| motive = }}{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}

In 1971 the Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, most notably the extreme right wing Islamist militia group Al-Badr, engaged in the systematic execution of Bengali pro-liberation intellectuals during the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a war crime. Intellectuals were killed throughout the entire duration of the war. The largest number of executions took place on 25 March and 14 December 1971, as it became apparent that Bangladesh would become independent. 14 December is commemorated in Bangladesh as Martyred Intellectuals Day.

Black Night of 25 March

{{Expand section|date=December 2015}}

At the beginning of Operation Searchlight, on the night of 25 March 1971, a number of professors from Dhaka University were killed.[2][3]

Reason behind the killing

Since the establishment of the State of Pakistan, the rulers of West Pakistan discriminated against citizens of East Pakistan and denied them civil and political rights.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} The discrimination was visible in all disciplines and the attack on the language and culture was direct. As a result, the discontent and anger in the minds of Bengalis turned to political and cultural protests and these movements were led by intellectuals from all parts of the society. They encouraged and seeded the idea of nationalism in the heart of Bengalis through social and cultural activities. As a result of their cultural movement, the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) gradually became aware of their rights which turned the movement towards political protests.[4]

14 December executions

As the war neared its end, a final effort to kill as many intellectuals as possible took place to eliminate the future leaders of the new nation of Bangladesh. This effort was mostly planned between 12 and 14 December.[5] On 14 December 1971, over 200 of Bangladesh's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were abducted from their homes in Dhaka by the Al-Badr militia and the Pakistan Army. Notable novelist Shahidullah Kaiser and playwright Munier Choudhury were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. Later they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, 14 December is mourned in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh, or Day of the Martyred Intellectuals.[6]

It is widely speculated that the killings of 14 December was orchestrated by Major General Rao Farman Ali. After the liberation of Bangladesh a list of Bengali intellectuals (most of whom were executed on 14 Dec) was discovered in a page of his diary left behind at the Governor's House. The existence of such a list was confirmed by Ali himself although he denied the motive of genocide. The same was also confirmed by Altaf Gauhar, a former Pakistani bureaucrat. He mentioned an incident in which Gauhar asked Ali to delete a friend's name from the list and Ali did so in front of him.[7]

Notable victims

Many notable intellectuals who were killed from 25 March to 16 December 1971 in different parts of the country include:

  • Gour Gopal Saha (academician)
  • Dr. Abul Fazal Ziaur Rahman (physician)[8]
  • Dr. ABM Nurul Alam (physician)[9]
  • Dr. AFM Alim Chowdhury (ophthalmologist)
  • Ataur Rahman Khan Khadim (physicist)[10]
  • Dr. Atiqur Rahman[11]
  • Dr. Azharul Haque[12]
  • Dr. AKM Asadul Haq
  • Altaf Mahmud (lyricist and musician)
  • ANM Golam Mostafa (journalist)
  • ANM Muniruzzaman (statistician)[13]
  • Dr. Anwar Pasha (Bengali literature)
  • Dr. Ayesha Bedora Choudhury[14]
  • Dhirendranath Datta (politician)
  • Dr. Faizul Mahi
  • Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khan[15]
  • Dr. Govinda Chandra Dev (philosophy)
  • Dr. Ghyasuddin Ahmed
  • Dr. Jyotirmoy Guhathakurta (English literature)
  • Dr. Jekrul Haque (physician)[16]
  • Dr. Kalachand Roy (academic)[17]
  • Gour Gopal Saha (academician)
  • Khondakar Abu Taleb (journalist)[18]
  • Khondakar Abul Kashem (history)[19]
  • Meherun Nesa (poet)
  • Munier Chowdhury (Bengali literature)
  • Dr. Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (Bengali literature)
  • Muhammad Habibar Rahman (mathematician)[20]
  • Dr. Mohammad Sadat Ali (business)[21]
  • Mohammad Shamshad Ali (physician)[22]
  • Muhammad Shafi (dentist)[23]
  • Dr. M Abul Khair (history)
  • M Anwarul Azim iIndustrial administrator)[24]
  • Mir Abdul Qayyum (psychologist)[25]
  • Dr. Mohammed Fazle Rabbee (cardiologist)
  • Dr. Mohammad Mortaza[26]
  • Mohammad Moazzem Hossain (educationist)[27]
  • Mohammad Aminuddin (lawyer)[28]
  • Dr. Md Abdul Muktadir (geologist)[29]
  • Nizamuddin Ahmed (journalist)[30]
  • Nazmul Hoque Sarkar (lawyer)[31]
  • Dr. Rashidul Hasan (English literature)
  • Ranadaprasad Saha (philanthropist)[32][33]
  • Dr. Rakhal Chandra Das (physician)[34]
  • Sukharanjan Samaddar (Sanskrit)
  • Shahid Saber (journalist)
  • Sheikh Abdus Salam (educationist)[35]
  • Dr. Sirajul Haque Khan
  • Dr. Santosh Chandra Bhattacharyya[36]
  • Dr. Shamsuddin Ahmed[37]
  • Dr. Suleman Khan[38]
  • Sultanuddin Ahmed (engineer)[39]
  • Dr. Kosiruddin Talukder[40]
  • Shahidullah Kaiser (journalist)
  • Selina Parvin (journalist)
  • Bishnu Chattopadhyay (freedom fighter and leader of peasant movement)
  • Saroj Kumar Nath Adhikari (economics)
  • Sheikh Abdul Mannan (journalist)[41]
  • Dr. Shamsuddin Ahmed (physician)[42]
{{Expand list|date=December 2015}}

Verdict on the killing

On 3 November 2013, a Special Court in Dhaka has sentenced two former leaders of the al-Badr killing squad to death for war crimes committed during Bangladesh's war of liberation in 1971. Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, a Muslim leader based in London, and Ashrafuz Zaman Khan, based in the US, were sentenced in absentia after the court found that they were involved in the abduction and murders of 18 intellectuals – nine Dhaka University professors, six journalists and three physicians – in December 1971. Prosecutors said the killings were carried out between 10 and 15 December, when Pakistan was losing the war in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan), and were part of a campaign intended to strip the newborn nation of its intellectuals.[43]

On 2 November 2014 International Crimes Tribunal, Bangladesh sentenced Mir Quasem Ali to death for war crimes which include the killings of intellectuals. It was proved in the tribunal that he was a key organiser of the Al-Badr, which planned and executed the killing of the intellectuals on 14 December 1971.[44][45]

Statistics

The number of intellectuals killed is estimated in Banglapedia[1] as follows:

  • Academics – 991
  • Journalists – 13
  • Physicians – 49
  • Lawyers – 42
  • Others (litterateurs, artists and engineers) – 16

The district wise break-up of the number of martyred academicians and lawyers published in 1972[46] was as follows –

District and divisionAcademicsLawyers
Primary Secondary Higher secondary
Dhaka 37 8 10 6
Faridpur 27 12 4 3
Tangail 20 7 2
Mymensingh 46 28 1 2
Dhaka Division 130 55 17 10
Chittagong 39 16 7 1
Chittagong Hill Tracts 9 4 1 1
Sylhet 19 7 2
Comilla 45 33 1 4
Noakhali 26 13 4 2
Chittagong Division 138 73 13 10
Khulna 48 15 2 2
Jessore 55 31 5 4
Barisal 50 21 4
Patuakhali 3 1
Kushtia 28 13 4
Khulna Division 184 81 15 6
Rajshahi 39 8 3 5
Rangpur 41 22 9 4
Dinajpur 50 10 1 2
Bogra 14 12 2
Pabna 43 9 1 2
Rajshahi Division 187 61 14 15
Bangladesh 639 270 59 41
Martyred academicians (not affiliated to universities) = 968
Martyred university teachers = 21
Total martyred academicians = 989

Administrative districts and divisions mentioned here are as they were in 1972.

Commemoration

{{See also|Martyred Intellectuals Day|Martyred Intellectuals Memorial}}Martyred Intellectuals Day is held annually to commemorate the victims. In Dhaka, hundreds of thousands of people walk to Mirpur to lay flowers at the Martyred Intellectuals Memorial. The president and the prime minister of Bangladesh and heads of all three wings of the Bangladesh armed forces pay homage at the memorial.[47]

See also

  • 1971 Dhaka University massacre

References

1. ^1 {{cite book |last=Khan |first=Muazzam Hussain |year=2012 |chapter=Killing of Intellectuals |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}
2. ^Annual Report: Dhaka University 1971–72, Dr. Mafijullah Kabir
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48049.pdf |title=Telegram 978 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, March 29, 1971, 1130Z |website=US Department of State |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808144647/http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48049.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2009}}
4. ^মুনতাসীর মামুন। । প্রকাশক: সময় প্রকাশন। আইএসবিএন 984-458-202-4।
5. ^{{cite news|last=Hensher|first=Philip|title=The war Bangladesh can never forget|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=19 February 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2331520&date=2012-12-14 | title=DU set to observe Martyred Intellectuals Day, Victory Day | publisher=The News Today | accessdate=14 December 2012}}
7. ^{{cite book |last= Mamoon, Muntassir |author2= translation by Kushal Ibrahim |title= The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh |publisher= Somoy Prokashon |date=June 2000 | edition = First |isbn= 984-458-210-5| page = 29}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Abul_Fazal_Ziaur|title=Rahman, Abul Fazal Ziaur - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alam,_ABM_Nurul|title=Alam, ABM Nurul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-20}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khadim,_Ataur_Rahman_Khan|title=Khadim, Ataur Rahman Khan - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-07-10}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Atiqur|title=Rahman, Atiqur - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-13}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Haque,_Azharul|title=Haque, Azharul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-25}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muniruzzaman,_ANM|title=Muniruzzaman, ANM - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Choudhury,_Ayesha_Bedora|title=Choudhury, Ayesha Bedora - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-07}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Fazlur_Rahman2|title=Khan, Fazlur Rahman2 - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-13}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Haque,_Jekrul|title=Haque, Jekrul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/martyred-intellectuals-day-2017/my-great-mentor-dr-kalachand-roy-1504426|title=My great mentor, Dr Kalachand Roy|date=2017-12-14|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-12-13|language=en}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Taleb,_Khondakar_Abu|title=Taleb, Khondakar Abu – Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=20 November 2016}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Kashem,_Khondakar_Abul|title=Kashem, Khondakar Abul – Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|access-date=20 November 2016}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rahman,_Muhammad_Habibar|title=Rahman, Muhammad Habibar - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-07-15}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_Mohammad_Sadat|title=Ali, Mohammad Sadat - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ali,_Mohammad_Shamshad|title=Ali, Mohammad Shamshad - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shafi,_Muhammad|title=Shafi, Muhammad - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim,_M_Anwarul|title=Azim, M Anwarul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-17}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Qayyum,_Mir_Abdul|title=Qayyum, Mir Abdul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-15}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mortaza,_Mohammad|title=Mortaza, Mohammad - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-28}}
27. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Hossain,_Mohammad_Moazzem|title=Hossain, Mohammad Moazzem - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-19}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Aminuddin,_Muhammad|title=Aminuddin, Muhammad - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-25}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Muktadir,_Md_Abdul|title=Muktadir, Md Abdul - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-07-11}}
30. ^Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71’s war
31. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sarkar,_Nazmul_Hoque|title=Sarkar, Nazmul Hoque - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen,-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html|title=ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman|date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208160743/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html|archive-date=8 December 2014|location=Dhaka|newspaper=Daily Sun|accessdate=3 November 2013|deadurl=yes|df=}}
33. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/|title=It was matricide|last=Khan|first=Tamanna|date=4 November 2013|newspaper=The Daily Star|accessdate=7 November 2013}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Das,_Rakhal_Chandra|title=Das, Rakhal Chandra - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-19}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Salam,_Sheikh_Abdus|title=Salam, Sheikh Abdus - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}
36. ^{{cite news |title=Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=3 November 2013}}
37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmed,_Shamsuddin3|title=Ahmed, Shamsuddin3 – Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=8 March 2017}}
38. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Khan,_Suleman|title=Khan, Suleman - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-02}}
39. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmed,_Sultanuddin2|title=Ahmed, Sultanuddin2 - Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=2017-08-14}}
40. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Talukder,_Kosiruddin|title=Talukder, Kosiruddin – Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=7 February 2017}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mannan,_Sheikh_Abdul|title=Mannan, Sheikh Abdul – Banglapedia|website=en.banglapedia.org|language=en|access-date=7 February 2017}}
42. ^http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmed,_Shamsuddin3
43. ^{{cite news|title=UK Muslim leader Chowdhury Mueen Uddin sentenced to death in Bangladesh|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/uk-muslim-leader-chowdhury-mueen-uddin-sentenced-to-death-in-bangladesh-8919895.html|newspaper=The Independent|date=3 November 2013}}
44. ^{{cite news|title=Bangladesh Islamist party leader files appeal against death penalty|url=http://www.shanghaidaily.com/article/article_xinhua.aspx?id=255697|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=Shanghai Daily}}
45. ^{{cite news |title=War trial: Mir Quasem verdict Sunday |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/war-trial-mir-quasem-verdict-sunday-48077 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=30 October 2014 |accessdate=14 December 2014}}
46. ^Bangladesh – The Victory Day Memento published by the government of People's Republic of Bangladesh, 16 December 1972; Editor – Syed Ali Ahsan
47. ^{{cite news |title=Nation observes new-dimension Martyred Intellectuals' Day |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/pm-pays-homage-to-martyred-intellectuals/ |newspaper=The Daily Star (Bangladesh) |date=14 December 2013 |accessdate=14 December 2012}}
{{Bangladesh liberation}}{{Military of Pakistan}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Intellectuals}}

11 : Bangladesh Liberation War|Political and cultural purges|Mass murder in 1971|Massacres in Bangladesh|1971 in Bangladesh|University of Dhaka|War crimes in Bangladesh|1971 Bangladesh genocide|Anti-intellectualism|Pakistani war crimes|Pakistan military scandals
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