| 词条 | Bear Island (Norway) |
| 释义 |
| name = Bear Island | image_name = Bjornoya_Location_Map-en.svg | image_caption = Bear Island is located north of mainland Norway, in the south of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago | image_size = | map_image = Bjørnøya map-en.svg | native_name = Bjørnøya | native_name_link = Norwegian language | nickname = | location = Barents Sea | coordinates = {{coord|74|31|N|19|01|E|type:isle|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = Svalbard | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 178 | highest_mount = Urd, Miseryfjellet | elevation_m = 536 | country = Norway | country_admin_divisions_title = | country_admin_divisions = | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | country_capital_city = | country_largest_city = | country_largest_city_population = | country_leader_title = | country_leader_name = | population = 9 | population_as_of = 2008-08-20 | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Bear Island | designation1_date = 12 November 2010 | designation1_number = 1966[1]}} }} Bear Island ({{lang-no|Bjørnøya}}, {{IPA-no|ˈbjøːɳœʏɑ|pron}}) is the southernmost island of the Norwegian Svalbard archipelago. The island is located in the western part of the Barents Sea, approximately halfway between Spitsbergen and the North Cape. Bear Island was discovered by the Dutch explorers Willem Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk on 10 June 1596. It was named after a polar bear that was seen swimming nearby. The island was considered terra nullius until the Spitsbergen Treaty of 1920 placed it under Norwegian sovereignty. Despite its remote location and barren nature, the island has seen commercial activities in past centuries, such as coal mining, fishing and whaling. However, no settlements have lasted more than a few years, and Bear Island is now uninhabited except for personnel working at the island's meteorological station Herwighamna. Along with the adjacent waters, it was declared a nature reserve in 2002. HistorySeafarers of the Viking era may have known Bear Island, but the documented history begins in 1596, when Willem Barents sighted the island on his third expedition. He named this island "Vogel Eylandt", "Bird Island" in English.[2] Steven Bennet conducted further exploration in 1603 and 1604 and noted the then rich population of walrus. Starting in the early 17th century, the island was used mainly as a base for the hunting of walrus and other species of seals. Also, the eggs of seabirds were harvested from the large bird colonies through 1971.[3]The Muscovy Company claimed Bear Island for the English Crown in 1609, but it abandoned the site when walrus-hunting declined. A Russian settlement existed in the 18th century and its remains were later used as a basis for territorial claims by Imperial Russia in 1899 and again by the Soviet Union in 1947.[4] Bear Island has never been extensively settled. The remnants of a whaling station from the early 20th century can be seen at Kvalrossbukta ("walrus bay") in the southeast. From 1916 through 1925, coal was mined at a small settlement named Tunheim on the northeastern coast, but then the mining was given up as unprofitable. Due to the cold climate, the remains of the settlement, including a half-destroyed jetty and a steam locomotive, are relatively well-preserved. The strategic value of Bear Island was recognised in the late 19th century, when Imperial Russia and Imperial Germany demonstrated their interests in the Barents Sea. The German journalist and adventurer Theodor Lerner visited the island in 1898 and 1899 and claimed rights of ownership. In 1899, the German fishery association Deutscher Seefischerei-Verein (DSV) started investigations of whaling and fishery in the Barents Sea. The DSV was secretly in contact with the German naval command and considered the possibility of an occupation of Bear Island. In reaction to these advances, the Russian Navy sent out the protected cruiser {{ship|Russian cruiser|Svetlana|1896|2}} to investigate, and the Russians hoisted their flag over Bear Island on July 21, 1899. Although Lerner protested the action, no violence occurred and the matter was settled diplomatically with no definitive claims of sovereignty over Bear Island by any nation.[2] The whole island was privately owned by the coal mining company of Bjørnøen AS from 1918 to 1932, when the Norwegian state took over the shares. Bjørnøen AS now exists as a state-owned company, and it is jointly managed with Kings Bay AS, the company that runs the operations of Ny-Ålesund on Spitsbergen.[5] A Norwegian radio station (Bjørnøya Radio, callsign: LJB[6]) was established in Herwighamna on the northern coast in 1919. It was later extended to include a meteorological station. Since the shipping routes from the Atlantic Ocean to and the ports of the arctic White Sea pass through the Barents Sea, the waters near Bear Island were of some strategic importance during World War II as well during as the Cold War. Although Svalbard was not occupied by Germany, the Kriegsmarine built several weather stations there. An automated radio station was deployed on Bjørnøya in 1941. German forces attacked several arctic convoys with military supplies bound for the Soviet Union in the waters surrounding Bear Island. They inflicted heavy losses upon the Convoy PQ 17 of June/July 1942, but they were ineffective in the Battle of the Barents Sea on New Year's Eve 1942. The waters southeast of Bear Island were the scene of more naval battles in 1943. In November 1944, the Soviet Union proposed to annul the Svalbard Treaty with the intention of gaining sovereignty over Bear Island. Negotiations with Trygve Lie of the Norwegian government-in-exile did not led to an agreement by the end of World War II, and the Soviet proposals were never carried out.[2] The Soviet Union (and later, Russia) maintained some presence on Spitsbergen, however. In 2002 a nature reserve was established that covers all of the island, except {{convert|1.2|km2}} around the meteorological station. The reserve also includes the adjacent waters of a four nautical mile radius ({{convert|7.4|km}}) from the coast.[7] In 2008, the decision was made to extend the reserve to a radius of {{convert|12|nmi|km}} from the coast covering {{convert|177|km2}} on land and {{convert|2805|km2}} of sea area.[8] Today, the island's only inhabitants are the nine or so[9] members of the staff of the Norwegian meteorological station and radio station at Herwighamna. This station carries out meteorological observations and provides logistic and telecommunication services, including a radio watch on the HF channels 2182/2168 and the VHF channels 16/12. Weather forecasts are transmitted from the station twice daily, announced on HF 2182/VHF 16. The station also has landing platforms for use by helicopters of the Norwegian Coast Guard, the Norwegian 330 Squadron, and the Governor of Svalbard. The Norwegian Polar Institute conducts annual expeditions to Bear Island, mostly concerned with ornithological research. Several other research projects, mostly pertaining to geography and climatology, are carried out less regularly. There are very few opportunities for individual travel to Bjørnøya. GeographyBear Island lies about {{convert|235|km}} south of mainland Spitsbergen and {{convert|397|km}} NNW of Ingøy in mainland Norway. In the westernmost part of the Barents Sea on Spitsbergen Bank, which extends southward from Spitsbergen and Edgeøya, forming a part of the continental shelf. The island's outline is an approximate triangle pointing south with a greatest north-south extension of {{convert|20|km}} and a greatest east-west extension of {{convert|15.5|km}}. Its surface area is {{convert|178|km2|sqmi|0}}. The southern part of Bjørnøya is mountainous, the highest top being Miseryfjellet on the southeast coast at about {{convert|536|m|ft|0}} above sea level. Other notable mountains are Antarcticfjellet in the southeast, and Fuglefjellet, Hambergfjellet, and Alfredfjellet in the southwest. The northern part of the island forms a lowland plain that covers some two thirds of the surface area. Apart from a few sandy beaches, the coast is mostly steep, with high cliffs and notable signs of erosion such as caverns and isolated rock pillars. A number of anchorages and landing points exist, as well as a small harbor at Herwighamna on the north coast. HydrographyAgencies of the Norwegian government have conducted hydrographic surveys of the waters of Svalbard throughout the 20th century, namely "Norges Svalbard- og Ishavsundersøkelser" since 1928, then its successor the Norwegian Polar Institute beginning in 1948, and the Norwegian Hydrographic Service beginning in 1984.[10] Land surveying and mapping are the responsibilities of the Polar Institute. Water depths near the island and to the north and east do not much exceed {{convert|100|m|ft|0}}, but become much greater to the south, and especially some thirty nautical miles to the west, where the continental shelf slopes into the deep water of the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea. The lowland is strewn with shallow freshwater lakes that cover about {{convert|19|km2}} in all. Several streams flow into the ocean, often via waterfalls along the steeper parts of the coast. There are known glaciers on Bear Island. Climate{{climate chart|Bear Island (1961–90) | −11.4 | -5.0 | 30 | −10.9 | -4.7 | 33 | −10.5 | -4.8 | 28 | −8.0 | -2.9 | 21 | −3.0 | 0.3 | 18 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 23 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 30 | 3.0 | 6.3 | 36 | 1.3 | 4.2 | 44 | −2.3 | 1.2 | 44 | −6.0 | -1.7 | 33 | −9.9 | -4.3 | 31 |float=right |clear=none |source= met-no/met.no/eklima }} A branch of the North Atlantic current carries warm water to Svalbard, creating a climate much warmer than that of other regions at similar latitude. Bear Island's climate is maritime-polar with relatively mild temperatures during the winter. January is the coldest month, with a mean temperature of −8.1°C (17.4°F) (base period 1961–1990). July and August are the warmest months, with mean temperatures of 4.4 °C (39.9 °F). Temperatures have tended to be warmer the latest decades. There is not much precipitation, with an average of {{convert|371|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year in the northern lowland area. The weather can be quite stable during the summer months, although foggy conditions are common, occurring during 20% of all days in July. Fog develops when the warm air of the Atlantic Ocean, from farther south, passes over cold water. The average monthly precipitation is lowest in May, and highest in September and October. Because Bear Island lies on a boundary between cold water of polar origin and warmer Atlantic water, water temperatures within a few dozen nautical miles of the island are quite variable, sometimes reaching 10 °C (50 °F) in summer. During the winter fast ice develops on the coast, but it is rare on the open sea around Bear Island. The Barents Sea carries pack ice to Bjørnøya every winter, sometimes as early as October, but a significant amount of ice is not common before February. The polar night lasts from about November 8 through February 3, and the period of midnight sun from about May 2 through August 11. With just 595 hours of bright sunshine per year, Bear Island has the lowest average yearly sunshine in Europe.[11] {{Weather box|location=Bear Island, Norway |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan high C = -5.0 |Feb high C = -4.7 |Mar high C = -4.8 |Apr high C = -2.9 |May high C = 0.3 |Jun high C = 3.6 |Jul high C = 6.6 |Aug high C = 6.3 |Sep high C = 4.2 |Oct high C = 1.2 |Nov high C = -1.7 |Dec high C = -4.3 |Jan mean C = -7 |Feb mean C = -7 |Mar mean C = -7 |Apr mean C = -4 |May mean C = 0 |Jun mean C = 2 |Jul mean C = 4 |Aug mean C = 4 |Sep mean C = 3 |Oct mean C = 0 |Nov mean C = -3 |Dec mean C = -6 |Jan low C = -11.4 |Feb low C = -10.9 |Mar low C = -10.5 |Apr low C = -8.0 |May low C = -3.0 |Jun low C = 0.4 |Jul low C = 2.8 |Aug low C = 3.0 |Sep low C = 1.3 |Oct low C = -2.3 |Nov low C = -6.0 |Dec low C = -9.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 30 |Feb precipitation mm = 33 |Mar precipitation mm = 28 |Apr precipitation mm = 21 |May precipitation mm = 18 |Jun precipitation mm = 23 |Jul precipitation mm = 30 |Aug precipitation mm = 36 |Sep precipitation mm = 44 |Oct precipitation mm = 44 |Nov precipitation mm = 33 |Dec precipitation mm = 31 |Jan humidity = 87 |Feb humidity = 88 |Mar humidity = 88 |Apr humidity = 87 |May humidity = 88 |Jun humidity = 90 |Jul humidity = 92 |Aug humidity = 91 |Sep humidity = 89 |Oct humidity = 86 |Nov humidity = 87 |Dec humidity = 88 |Jan precipitation days = 9 |Feb precipitation days = 9 |Mar precipitation days = 9 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 5 |Jun precipitation days = 6 |Jul precipitation days = 7 |Aug precipitation days = 7 |Sep precipitation days = 10 |Oct precipitation days = 10 |Nov precipitation days = 9 |Dec precipitation days = 9 |Jan sun = 0 |Feb sun = 6 |Mar sun = 57 |Apr sun = 105 |May sun = 116 |Jun sun = 105 |Jul sun = 79 |Aug sun = 70 |Sep sun = 42 |Oct sun = 15 |Nov sun = 0 |Dec sun = 0 |source 1 = http://www.theweathernetwork.com/index.php?product=statistics&pagecontent=C00009 |source 2 = met-no/met.no/eklima }} FloraBear Island was the site of a pioneering ecological study by Victor Summerhayes and Charles Elton in the early 1920s, which produced one of the first food web diagrams. There is a little plant growth, consisting mostly of moss and some scurvy grass, but no trees. FaunaThe only indigenous land mammals are a few Arctic foxes. Despite its name, Bear Island is not a permanent residence of polar bears, although many arrive with the expanding pack ice in the winter. Occasionally, a bear will stay behind when the ice retreats in spring and remain through the summer months.[12] Moreover, the sub-population of Ursus maritimus polar bears found here is a genetically distinct set of polar bears associated with the Barents Sea region.[13] Ringed seal and bearded seal, prey of the polar bear, live in the waters near Bjørnøya, but the formerly common walruses have nowadays become guests. Bear Island's freshwater lakes are the home of some arctic fish species like the Arctic char.[14] BirdsThe only land birds are snow buntings and rock ptarmigans, but the island is rich in seabirds that nest on the southern cliffs. Other species visit the island during their seasonal migration between Svalbard's northern islands and mainland Europe. Bear island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International. It supports breeding populations of northern fulmars (50,000–60,000 pairs), purple sandpipers, red phalaropes (10 pairs), glaucous gulls (2000 pairs), black-legged kittiwakes (100,000 pairs), little auks (10,000–100,000 pairs), common guillemots (50,000 pairs), thick-billed guillemots (190,000 individuals) and black guillemots (1000 pairs). It also supports migratory populations of pink-footed geese (30,000 individuals), barnacle geese and long-tailed ducks.[15] Environmental concernsAlthough there are currently no industrial activities on Bjørnøya or in its immediate vicinity, pollution by toxic and radioactive substances remains a threat to the island's virtually untouched nature. Exploration in the Barents sea and the recent development of the Snøhvit gas field off the northern coast of Norway shows that the ecologically sensitive polar and subpolar sea areas of the Norwegian and Barents Sea have come into the focus of the petrol and gas industry.[16] The environmental organisation Bellona has criticised[17] the Norwegian government for licensing these activities without sufficient studies of their ecological impact. Organic toxins, specifically PCBs, have been found in high concentrations in biological samples from Bear Island, especially in Arctic char of the freshwater lake Ellasjøen.[18] The Soviet nuclear submarine Komsomolets sank on April 7, 1989 some {{convert|100|nmi|km|-1}} southwest of Bear Island.[19] Leakage of radioactive material from the reactor and nuclear warheads currently poses a problem{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}, and severe pollution of the surrounding waters remains possible.[20]{{Failed verification|date=February 2011}} CultureSurfing has been documented in the movie Bjørnøya – følg drømmen. [Bear Island - follow the dream].[21]See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|title=Bear Island |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1966|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book | author=Arlov, Thor B. | title=Svalbards historie | location=Trondheim | publisher=Tapir Akademisk Forlag | year=2003 | language=Norwegian|isbn=82-519-1851-0}} 3. ^{{cite web |last=Circumpolar Seabird Working Group |year=2001 |url=http://arcticportal.org/uploads/q8/qo/q8qoUGSfI0InO8Oi1SW23Q/Technical-no-9.pdf |format=PDF |title=Seabird harvest regimes in the circumpolar nations |accessdate=December 20, 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Unknown Europe |last=Meissner |first=Hans Otto |authorlink=Hans Otto Meissner |others=trans. Florence and Isabel McHugh |year=1963 |publisher=Blackie & Sons |location=London and Glasgow |pages=158–170 |url= }} 5. ^{{cite web | author=Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry | year=2005| title=The State's Ownership Report 2004 | url=http://www.odin.no/filarkiv/253150/ownership2004.pdf |format=PDF| accessdate=February 27, 2006}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 6. ^{{cite web | year = 2005 | url = http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/ois/Operational_Information/VolumeD/VolumeD/Chapter4.pdf |format=PDF |title=List of coastal radio stations |publisher= World Meteorological Organisation |accessdate = October 9, 2006}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 7. ^{{cite web| author= Sysselmannen på Svalbard (The Governor of Svalbard)| year= 2005| title= Forvaltningsplan for Bjørnøya 2005–2010 ("Administrative plan for Bjørnøya 2005–2010")| url= http://www.sysselmannen.svalbard.no/forvpl_sms.pdf| format= PDF| accessdate= November 24, 2005| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051029191326/http://www.sysselmannen.svalbard.no/forvpl_sms.pdf| archivedate= October 29, 2005| deadurl= yes| df= mdy-all}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=Enlarged nature reserve around Bear Island |url=http://www.norwaypost.no/News/Enlarged-nature-reserve-around-Bear-Island/menu-id-26.html |work=Svalbardposten |publisher=The Norway Post |date=December 18, 2008 |accessdate=December 18, 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 9. ^{{cite web | title=Badet naken på Bjørnøya ("Swam naked on Bear island") | year=2008 | url=http://www.siste.no/Innenriks/article3730159.ece}} 10. ^{{cite book | author= Anon. | title=Den Norske Los – Farvannsbeskrivelse – Sailing Directions, Vol.7: "Arctic Pilot" | publisher=Norwegian Polar Research Institute and the Norwegian Hydrographic Service | year=1990|language = Norwegian, English| isbn=82-90653-06-9}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/o/i/Fact_sheet_No._9_Updated.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-10-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032038/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/media/pdf/o/i/Fact_sheet_No._9_Updated.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2016 |df=mdy }} 12. ^{{cite news | last=Årsæther | first=Jan | title=Isbjørnfamilie fanget på Bjørnøya ("Polar bear family trapped on Bear Island") | date=July 27, 2004 | publisher=TV2 (Norway) | url=http://pub.tv2.no/TV2/nyhetene/article258155.ece }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 13. ^C. Michael Hogan (2008) Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224205716/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=36084 |date=December 24, 2008 }} 14. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/ece3.4891 |title=Characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation in a changing climate: The most northerly freshwater fish as a model |journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=2004-2017 |year=2019 |last1=O'Malley |first1=Kathleen G. |last2=Vaux |first2=Felix |last3=Black |first3=Andrew N. }} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org |title=Bjørnøya (Bear Island) |accessdate=2013-08-22 |work=Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher=BirdLife International |year=2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QE8rvIqH?url=http://www.birdlife.org/ |archivedate=July 10, 2007 |df=mdy }} 16. ^{{cite web | author=Norwegian Petroleum Directorate | year=2005 | title=Barents Sea exploration celebrates 25 years | url=http://www.npd.no/English/Emner/Geografiske+omraader/Barentshavet/barentshavet_25_aar_jubileum.htm | accessdate=March 1, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125173505/http://www.npd.no/English/Emner/Geografiske+omraader/Barentshavet/barentshavet_25_aar_jubileum.htm | archive-date=November 25, 2005 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }} 17. ^{{cite web | author=Buch, Cato | year=2002 | title=Snøhvit: Reasons for Bellona's opposition | url=http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/fossil/barents/snohvit/24419.html | accessdate=October 18, 2005 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210104203/http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/fossil/barents/snohvit/24419.html | archivedate=February 10, 2006 | df=mdy-all }} 18. ^{{cite journal|author1=Herzke, D. |author2=Evenset A. |title=Polybrominated diphenylethers in biota from Bjørnøya (Bear Island) |year=2004 |url=http://bfr2004.com/Individual%20Papers/BFR2004%20Abstract%20044%20Herzke.pdf |format=PDF |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115820/http://bfr2004.com/Individual%20Papers/BFR2004%20Abstract%20044%20Herzke.pdf |archivedate=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy }} 19. ^{{cite journal | author=Montgomery, George | title=The Komsomolets Disaster | publisher=Center for the Studies of Intelligence| year=1995 | url=}} 20. ^{{cite journal |author1=Gwynn, J.P. |author2=Dowdall, M. |author3=Lind, B. | title=The Radiological Environment of Svalbard | publisher=Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority | year=2004 | url=http://www.nrpa.no/dav/9b02076312.pdf|format=PDF}} 21. ^Jakten på den unike bølgen {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021014201/http://www.dagsavisen.no/kultur/inne-og-ute/jakten-pa-den-unike-bolgen/ |date=October 21, 2014 }} External links{{Commons category|Bjørnøya}}Publications of administrative and general interest are issued by the Governor of Svalbard [https://web.archive.org/web/20051222054209/http://www.sysselmannen.svalbard.no/eng/]. Maps, research reports, and scholarly works about Svalbard-related subjects are available from the Norwegian Polar Institute [https://web.archive.org/web/20060214023512/http://npiweb.npolar.no/]. Books
7 : Islands of Svalbard|Seabird colonies|Islands of the Barents Sea|Nature reserves in Svalbard|Important Bird Areas of Norwegian overseas territories|1590s in the Dutch Empire|Ramsar sites in Norway |
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