词条 | 1974 Pacific hurricane season |
释义 |
| Basin=EPac | Year=1974 | Track=1974 Pacific hurricane season summary map.png | First storm formed=May 28, 1974 | Last storm dissipated=October 24, 1974 | Strongest storm name=Maggie | Strongest storm pressure=928 | Strongest storm winds=120 | Average wind speed=1 | Total depressions=25 | Total storms=18 | Total hurricanes=11 | Total intense=3 | Fatalities=18-33 | Damages=4 | Inflated= | five seasons=1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 | Atlantic season=1974 Atlantic hurricane season | West Pacific season=1974 Pacific typhoon season}} The 1974 Pacific hurricane season featured one of the most active periods of tropical cyclones on record with five storms existing simultaneously.[1] The season officially started May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeast Pacific Ocean. With seventeen storms, this season was slightly above average. At eleven, the number of hurricanes was also above average. In the central Pacific, one tropical storm formed. Very unusually, on August 26 there were six systems active: Ione, Olive, Kirsten, Lorraine, Joyce, and Maggie. Olive was a Central Pacific storm and had weakened to a tropical depression by this time. The other five were of at least tropical storm intensity simultaneously and remained so until 06Z Aug 27. Five storms were also active 18Z Aug 23-06Z Aug 24. {{-}}Season summaryImageSize = width:800 height:230 PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20 Legend = columns:3 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270 AlignBars = early DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/05/1974 till:01/12/1974 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/1974 Colors = id:canvas value:gray(0.88) id:GP value:red id:TD value:rgb(0.38,0.73,1) legend:Tropical_Depression_=_<39_mph_(0-62_km/h) id:TS value:rgb(0,0.98,0.96) legend:Tropical_Storm_=_39-73_mph_(63-117 km/h) id:C1 value:rgb(1,1,0.80) legend:Category_1_=_74-95_mph_(119-153_km/h) id:C2 value:rgb(1,0.91,0.46) legend:Category_2_=_96-110_mph_(154-177_km/h) id:C3 value:rgb(1,0.76,0.25) legend:Category_3_=_111-130_mph_(178-209-km/h) id:C4 value:rgb(1,0.56,0.13) legend:Category_4_=_131-155_mph_(210-249_km/h) id:C5 value:rgb(1,0.38,0.38) legend:Category_5_=_>=156_mph_(>=250_km/h) Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas BarData = barset:Hurricane bar:Month PlotData= barset:Hurricane width:11 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till from:28/05/1974 till:30/05/1974 color:TS text:"Aletta" from:05/06/1974 till:08/06/1974 color:TS text:"Blanca" from:07/06/1974 till:22/06/1974 color:C3 text:"Connie" from:14/06/1974 till:17/06/1974 color:C1 text:"Dolores" from:30/06/1974 till:03/07/1974 color:TS text:"Eileen" from:09/07/1974 till:13/07/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:14/07/1974 till:19/07/1974 color:C1 text:"Francesca" from:17/07/1974 till:21/07/1974 color:C2 text:"Gretchen" from:18/07/1974 till:20/07/1974 color:TD text:"TD" barset:break from:21/07/1974 till:26/07/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:30/07/1974 till:11/08/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:05/08/1974 till:07/08/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:10/08/1974 till:13/08/1974 color:TS text:"Helga" from:20/08/1974 till:30/08/1974 color:C3 text:"Ione" from:22/08/1974 till:26/08/1974 color:TS text:"Olive" from:22/08/1974 till:27/08/1974 color:C1 text:"Joyce" from:22/08/1974 till:29/08/1974 color:C1 text:"Kirsten" from:23/08/1974 till:28/08/1974 color:TS text:"Lorraine" barset:break from:26/08/1974 till:01/09/1974 color:C4 text:"Maggie" from:03/09/1974 till:07/09/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:09/09/1974 till:10/09/1974 color:C1 text:"Norma" from:21/09/1974 till:24/09/1974 color:C2 text:"Orlene" from:04/10/1974 till:15/10/1974 color:C1 text:"Patricia" from:14/10/1974 till:15/10/1974 color:TD text:"TD" from:21/10/1974 till:24/10/1974 color:TS text:"Rosalie" bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas from:01/05/1974 till:01/06/1974 text:May from:01/06/1974 till:01/07/1974 text:June from:01/07/1974 till:01/08/1974 text:July from:01/08/1974 till:01/09/1974 text:August from:01/09/1974 till:01/10/1974 text:September from:01/10/1974 till:01/11/1974 text:October from:01/11/1974 till:01/12/1974 text:November TextData = pos:(570,30) text:"(From the" pos:(617,30) text:"Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale)" The overall activity of the 1974 season was near normal, with 25 tropical cyclones developing. Of these storms, 18 were named, 11 became hurricanes and 3 reached major hurricane status. Although the overall number of storms was normal, an exceptionally active period took place from August 19 through September 1. During this two-week span, six storms developed, five of which were active simultaneously on August 23: Ione, Joyce, Kirsten, Lorraine and Olive. Of the season's 447 bulletins, 139 were issued during this period.[1] {{clear}}SystemsTropical Storm Aletta{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Tropical Storm Aletta 1974.jpg |Track=Aletta 1974 track.png |Formed=May 28 |Dissipated=May 29 |1-min winds=50 |Pressure=992 }} A tropical disturbance formed to the south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on May 24; sea surface temperatures (SST's) in the area were around {{convert|88|F|C|lk=on}}. The disturbance slowly organized over the next 60 hours, as it was detaching from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). On May 28, Tropical Storm Aletta formed. It recurved to the northeast and made landfall in western Mexico on May 30. Effects were minimal. {{clear}}Tropical Storm Blanca{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Tropical Storm Blanca 1974.jpg |Track=Blanca 1974 track.png |Formed=June 5 |Dissipated=June 8 |1-min winds=50 |Pressure=992 }} Blanca formed officially on June 5th and dissipated on June 8th due to surface temps being colder than the required 80°F for tropical activity. Blanca never had a chance to impact land and had it did at its peak intensity, it would have never done much as its peak wind speeds were 60 mph. Blanca also was the 2nd named storm of the season starting the hurricane season off very weakly. The brunt of the season would start 2 months later in late August. {{clear}}Hurricane Connie{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Hurricane Connie 1974.png |Track=Connie 1974 track.png |Formed=June 7 |Dissipated=June 22 |1-min winds=110 |Pressure=942 }} Hurricane Connie was the first major hurricane. It took a bizarre, twisting path but never made landfall. Connie was never expected to make landfall because of where it formed and the path it took. Connie's track was unique with 2 major turns and potentially 1 loop. {{clear}}Hurricane Dolores{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Doloresjune171974.png |Track=Dolores 1974 track.png |Formed=June 14 |Dissipated=June 17 |1-min winds=70 |Pressure=973 }}{{Main|Hurricane Dolores (1974)}} On June 13, a tropical disturbance south of Mexico showed signs of development. The following day, the system rapidly developed into Tropical Storm Dolores. By June 15, an eye-like feature appeared on satellite imagery as Dolores attained hurricane status. With peak winds of 80 mph (130 km/h), the storm made landfall near Acapulco. Once onshore, Dolores rapidly dissipated and was last noted on June 17.[1] Across Southwestern Mexico, Hurricane Dolores produced heavy rains that triggered widespread flooding and mudslides. Numerous roads sustained damage, separating communities from surrounding areas.[2] At least 18 people were killed and 32 others were injured by the storm.[3] Additionally, an estimated 173,000 people were affected across the country.[4] {{clear}}Tropical Storm Eileen{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=EileenJuly319741613UTC.png |Track=Eileen 1974 track.png |Formed=June 30 |Dissipated=July 3 |1-min winds=35 |Pressure=997 }} In late June, a tropical disturbance developed well to the southwest of Mexico. By June 30, sufficient convection had developed over a newly formed area of low pressure to warrant advisories on a tropical depression.[1] Tracking northward,[8] the system gradually attained tropical storm intensity. Due to the lack of direct observations, Eileen's intensity was based solely off satellite estimates;[1] these estimates indicated the cyclone to have attained peak winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 997 mbar (hPa; 29.44 inHg).[1] By July 2, Eileen entered a region of stable air, causing convection to diminish. The storm degenerated into a non-convective low late on July 3 as it turned northwestward.[1] The remnants of Eileen were last noted on July 4 well to the southwest of the southern tip of Baja California.[8] {{clear}}Hurricane Francesca{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=FrancescaJuly1819741657UTC.gif |Track=Francesca 1974 track.png |Formed=July 14 |Dissipated=July 19 |1-min winds=70 |Pressure=973 }} Francesca was a category 1 hurricane. It neared Baja California by the 17th but turned away before striking. {{clear}}Hurricane Gretchen{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Hurricane Gretchen 1974.png |Track=Gretchen 1974 track.png |Formed=July 17 |Dissipated=July 21 |1-min winds=85 |Pressure=982 }} Gretchen was a category 2 hurricane that threatened southern Baja California, but it turned away without affecting land. {{clear}}Tropical Storm Helga{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Helga 1974 track.png |Formed=August 10 |Dissipated=August 13 |1-min winds=40 |Pressure=990 }} Helga was a storm that did not affect land. {{clear}}Hurricane Ione{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=ione1974satellitepicture.gif |Track=Ione 1974 track.png |Formed=August 20 |Dissipated=August 31 |1-min winds=100 |Pressure=954 }} On August 19, a tropical disturbance was identified near the Intertropical Convergence Zone well to the east-southeast of Hawaii. The next morning, the system developed into a tropical depression as it tracked towards the west-northwest. Later on August 20, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Ione. However, cold air from a nearby stratocumulus field became entrained in Ione's circulation, causing it to weaken to a depression 24 hours later. Now moving towards the west-southwest, the system remained weak for nearly two days. On August 23, Ione rapidly intensified as convection deepened and an eye feature appeared on satellite imagery. The storm subsequently attained hurricane status that evening before crossing 140°W and entering the Central Pacific.[1] Intensification slowed on August 24 as Ione attained winds in excess of 100 mph (155 km/h). Over the next day, the system turned northward and attained its peak intensity late on August 25 with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[5] Additionally, the storm attained an estimated minimum central pressure of 954 mbar (hPa; 28.17 inHg).[1] Shortly after reaching this intensity, Ione weakened as it began a U-shaped curve, tracking northeast before turning towards the southwest. During the afternoon of August 27, the system was downgraded to a tropical storm. By August 29, Ione further weakened to a tropical depression and acquired a westward track before dissipating south of Hawaii on August 31.[5] {{clear}}Tropical Storm Olive{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Olive 1974 track.png |Formed=August 22 |Dissipated=August 25 |1-min winds=40 |Pressure=1009 }} On August 21, just one day after Ione formed, another disturbance formed along the ITCZ and developed into a tropical depression the following day. Tracking generally towards the west, the system slowly organized. By August 23, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Olive well to the south of Hawaii. Olive briefly attained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h) before weakening to a tropical depression on August 24. Convection waned for the next 30 hours and Olive degenerated into a disturbance on August 25. The remnant vortex of the storm was last noted on August 26 roughly 210 mi (340 km) southeast of Johnston Island.[5] {{clear}}Hurricane Joyce{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Hurricane Joyce 1974.png |Track=Joyce 1974 track.png |Formed=August 22 |Dissipated=August 27 |1-min winds=75 |Pressure=973 }} Joyce was a weak hurricane that did not affect land. {{clear}}Hurricane Kirsten{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Kirsten1974satelliteimage.jpg |Track=Kirsten 1974 track.png |Formed=August 22 |Dissipated=August 29 |1-min winds=75 |Pressure=973 }} Hurricane Kirsten took an erratic path. After traveling northwest for a while, it reversed direction and backtracked to almost where it started. It then reversed direction again and underwent a Fujiwhara interaction with Hurricane Ione. {{clear}}Tropical Storm Lorraine{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Lorraine 1974 track.png |Formed=August 23 |Dissipated=August 28 |1-min winds=45 |Pressure=987 }} Tropical Storm Lorraine took an erratic, Z-shaped path during its life. It formed on August 23 and dissipated August 28. {{clear}}Hurricane Maggie{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=MaggieAug2719741534UTC.gif |Track=Maggie 1974 track.png |Formed=August 26 |Dissipated=September 1 |1-min winds=120 |Pressure=928 }} Hurricane Maggie was the strongest storm of the season. It reached Category 4 but never threatened land. {{clear}}Hurricane Norma{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=NormaSep1019741600UTC.gif |Track=Norma 1974 track.png |Formed=September 9 |Dissipated=September 10 |1-min winds=65 |Pressure=987 }} On September 7, a large area of thunderstorms was identified southwest of Mexico. Over the following two days, the system gradually organized as it moved northwest and was declared a tropical depression on September 9. Upon being classified a depression, the storm acquired a more northerly track and soon attained tropical storm status. The newly christened Tropical Storm Norma maintained a general northward track towards Mexico.[1] On September 10, Norma briefly strengthened into a hurricane, with peak winds estimated at 75 mph (120 km/h) before making landfall west of Acapulco.[1][6] Within hours of moving onshore, the storm rapidly deteriorated and dissipated later that day.[1] Heavy rains produced by Norma triggered mudslides in and around Acapulco, resulting in three fatalities.[1] {{clear}}Hurricane Orlene{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Orlene1974.gif |Track=Orlene 1974 track.png |Formed=September 21 |Dissipated=September 24 |1-min winds=90 |Pressure=978 }}{{Main|Hurricane Fifi–Orlene}} Orlene was a part of Hurricane Fifi. Fifi weakened to a depression and crossed into the east Pacific. The system restrengthened and was renamed Tropical Storm Orlene. Orlene hugged the coast before recurving to the northeast and made landfall shortly after reaching Category 2 intensity. {{clear}}Hurricane Patricia{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Hurricane Patricia 1974.jpg |Track=Patricia 1974 track.png |Formed=October 4 |Dissipated=October 15 |1-min winds=80 |Pressure=964 }} On October 3, an area of disturbed weather was identified several hundred miles southwest of El Salvador. Over the following day, an area of low pressure developed within the disturbance and was subsequently declared a tropical depression. Tracking west-northwestward, the depression eventually intensified into Tropical Storm Patricia on October 6 in light of a significant in convection. The next day, a ragged eye developed and the storm strengthened into a hurricane. Intensification continued through the evening of October 9,[1] at which time Patricia attained its peak intensity with winds estimated at 90 mph (150 km/h).{{#tag:ref|The peak intensity of Patricia is based off the values listed in the season's Monthly Weather Review.[1] According to the Hurricane Database, the storm attained peak winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 964 mbar (hPa; 28.47 inHg).[6]|group="nb"|name="PatriciaPeak"}}[1] Within a day of peaking, the hurricane turned southwestward and weakened. Gradual degradation of the storm took place over the next few days with little convection present over the system by October 11. By then, Patricia had weakened to a tropical depression. On October 15, Patricia was declassified a tropical cyclone as only a low-level circulation devoid of convection remained.[1] The remnants of the storm were last noted on October 17 well to the east-southeast of Hawaii.[6] {{clear}}Tropical Storm Rosalie{{Infobox Hurricane Small|Basin=EPac |Image=Tropical Storm Rosalie 1974.jpg |Track=Rosalie 1974 track.png |Formed=October 20 |Dissipated=October 24 |1-min winds=55 |Pressure=987 }} On October 18, pronounced thunderstorm activity developed along the ITCZ. Gradually, a tropical disturbance formed within this region well to the west-southwest of Mexico. During the morning of October 20, convection rapidly increased and the system was classified as Tropical Storm Rosalie. Visible satellite imagery revealed only an "oval-shaped" area of thunderstorms with no banding features.[1] Tracking generally towards the west-southwest, Rosalie attained its peak intensity with winds estimated around 65 mph (100 km/h) on October 21.[6] Later that day, the system neared an area of more stable air.[1] Gradual weakening ensued over the following days, with Rosalie degrading to tropical depression status on October 23.[6] Void of convection, the remnant swirl of Rosalie was last noted on October 24 well to the southeast of Hawaii.[1][6] {{clear}}Other systemsIn addition to the eighteen named storms, there were seven tropical depression during the course of the season.[7]
Storm namesThe following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1974. It is the same list as the 1970 season, except for Aletta, which replaced Adele. This is the last time this list was used to name storms, as modern naming began in 1978. Despite this, the names Aletta, Blanca, Dolores, Norma, Orlene, Patricia and Selma were put on modern naming lists. In this season, the Central Pacific named storms from the western Pacific’s typhoon list. One name, Olive, was used. Season effectsThis is a table of all of the storms in the 1974 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their durations, peak intensities, names, landfall(s), damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or a low. All of the damage figures are in 1974 USD. {{Saffir-Simpson small|align=center}}See also{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal|author=Sharon Towry|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=103|issue=6|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0550:ENPTCP>2.0.CO;2|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103%3C0550%3AENPTCP%3E2.0.CO%3B2|format=PDF|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones, 1974. Part 2|date=June 1975|accessdate=October 20, 2011|bibcode = 1975MWRv..103..550T }} 2. ^{{cite news|work=Associated Press|publisher=The Windsor Star|date=June 18, 1974|accessdate=October 20, 2011|title=Hurricane kills nine|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d0Q_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=-VEMAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20dolores&pg=1927%2C567172|page=40}} 3. ^{{cite web|work=Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres |publisher=Secretaría De Gobernación |year=2011 |accessdate=October 20, 2011 |title=Ciclones Tropicales |url=http://www.cenapred.gob.mx/es/Investigacion/RHidrometeorologicos/FenomenosMeteorologicos/CiclonesTropicales/ |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081343/http://www.cenapred.gob.mx/es/Investigacion/RHidrometeorologicos/FenomenosMeteorologicos/CiclonesTropicales/ |archivedate=April 25, 2012 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite news|work=United Press International|publisher=The Vancouver Sun|date=June 19, 1974|accessdate=October 20, 2011|title=Hurricane kills 22 in Acapulco|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CzFmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=P4sNAAAAIBAJ&dq=hurricane%20dolores&pg=3227%2C4078200|page=48}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|work=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=March 4, 2007|accessdate=October 20, 2011|title=The 1974 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1974.php}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|work=Hurricane Research Division|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=2011|accessdate=December 6, 2011|title=Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Database: 1949-2010|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/tracks1949to2010_epa.html}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal|author=Robert A. Baum|publisher=American Meteorological Society|journal=Monthly Weather Review|volume=103|issue=4|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1975)103<0301:ENPTCP>2.0.CO;2|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0493%281975%29103%3C0301%3AENPTCP%3E2.0.CO%3B2|format=PDF|title=Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones, 1974. Part 1|date=April 1975|accessdate=October 19, 2011|bibcode = 1975MWRv..103..301B }} 8. ^{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2011|accessdate=December 8, 2011|title=1974 Missing (1974190N16242)|url=http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974190N16242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002502/http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974190N16242|archive-date=2012-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2011|accessdate=December 8, 2011|title=1974 Missing (1974199N08262)|url=http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974199N08262|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002506/http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974199N08262|archive-date=2012-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}} 10. ^{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2011|accessdate=December 8, 2011|title=1974 Missing (1974202N10263)|url=http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974202N10263|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002510/http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974202N10263|archive-date=2012-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}} 11. ^{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2011|accessdate=December 8, 2011|title=1974 Missing (1974217N12226)|url=http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974217N12226|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426002514/http://storm5.atms.unca.edu/browse-ibtracs/browseIbtracs.php?name=v03r02-1974217N12226|archive-date=2012-04-26|dead-url=yes|df=}} References{{reflist}}External links
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