| 词条 | Glucagon (medication) |
| 释义 |
| Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 461121086 | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | UNII = 76LA80IG2G | drug_name = Glucagon | IUPAC_name = Glucagon | image = Glucagon stereo animation.gif | caption = Glucagon ball and stick model, with the carboxyl terminus above and the amino terminus below | tradename = GlucaGen, others | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|glucagon}} | MedlinePlus = | C=153 | H=225 | N=43 | O=49 | S=1 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID = 17288942 | smiles = C[C@H]([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc1ccccc1)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc2ccc(cc2)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc3ccc(cc3)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc4ccccc4)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H](Cc5c[nH]c6c5cccc6)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](Cc7cnc[nH]7)N)O | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChI = 1S/C153H225N43O49S/c1-72(2)52-97(133(226)176-96(47-51-246-11)132(225)184-104(60-115(159)209)143(236)196-123(78(10)203)151(244)245)179-137(230)103(58-83-64-167-89-29-19-18-28-87(83)89)183-131(224)95(43-46-114(158)208)177-148(241)120(74(5)6)194-141(234)101(54-79-24-14-12-15-25-79)182-138(231)105(61-117(211)212)185-130(223)94(42-45-113(157)207)171-124(217)75(7)170-127(220)91(31-22-49-165-152(160)161)172-128(221)92(32-23-50-166-153(162)163)174-146(239)110(69-199)191-140(233)107(63-119(215)216)186-134(227)98(53-73(3)4)178-135(228)99(56-81-33-37-85(204)38-34-81)180-129(222)90(30-20-21-48-154)173-145(238)109(68-198)190-136(229)100(57-82-35-39-86(205)40-36-82)181-139(232)106(62-118(213)214)187-147(240)111(70-200)192-150(243)122(77(9)202)195-142(235)102(55-80-26-16-13-17-27-80)188-149(242)121(76(8)201)193-116(210)66-168-126(219)93(41-44-112(156)206)175-144(237)108(67-197)189-125(218)88(155)59-84-65-164-71-169-84/h12-19,24-29,33-40,64-65,71-78,88,90-111,120-123,167,197-205H,20-23,30-32,41-63,66-70,154-155H2,1-11H3,(H2,156,206)(H2,157,207)(H2,158,208)(H2,159,209)(H,164,169)(H,168,219)(H,170,220)(H,171,217)(H,172,221)(H,173,238)(H,174,239)(H,175,237)(H,176,226)(H,177,241)(H,178,228)(H,179,230)(H,180,222)(H,181,232)(H,182,231)(H,183,224)(H,184,225)(H,185,223)(H,186,227)(H,187,240)(H,188,242)(H,189,218)(H,190,229)(H,191,233)(H,192,243)(H,193,210)(H,194,234)(H,195,235)(H,196,236)(H,211,212)(H,213,214)(H,215,216)(H,244,245)(H4,160,161,165)(H4,162,163,166)/t75-,76+,77+,78+,88-,90-,91-,92-,93-,94-,95-,96-,97-,98-,99-,100-,101-,102-,103-,104-,105-,106-,107-,108-,109-,110-,111-,120-,121-,122-,123-/m0/s1 | StdInChIKey = MASNOZXLGMXCHN-ZLPAWPGGSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | CAS_number = 16941-32-5 | ATCvet = | ATC_prefix = H04 | ATC_suffix = AA01 | PubChem = 16132283 | IUPHAR_ligand = 1136 | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}} | DrugBank = | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 266481 | molecular_weight = 3482.747314 g/mol | bioavailability = | protein_bound = | metabolism = | elimination_half-life = | excretion = | pregnancy_AU = | pregnancy_US = B | pregnancy_category= | legal_AU = | legal_CA = | legal_UK = | legal_US = | legal_status = | routes_of_administration = IV, IM, subQ }}Glucagon is a medication and hormone.[1] As a medication it is used to treat low blood sugar, beta blocker overdose, calcium channel blocker overdose, and those with anaphylaxis who do not improve with epinephrine.[2] It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin.[2] Common side effects include vomiting.[2] Other side effects include low blood potassium and low blood pressure.[1] It is not recommended in people who have a pheochromocytoma or insulinoma.[2] Use in pregnancy has not be found to be harmful to the baby.[1] Glucagon is in the glycogenolytic family of medications.[2] It works by causing the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.[2] Glucagon was approved for medical use in the United States in 1960.[2] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[3] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about {{US$}}25.75 a dose.[4] In the United Kingdom that dose costs the NHS about £11.52.[5] In the United States the wholesale cost of a dose is {{US$}}247.32.[6] It is a manufactured form of the glucagon hormone.[2] Medical usesLow blood sugarAn injectable form of glucagon may be part of first aid in cases of low blood sugar when the person is unconscious or for other reasons cannot take glucose orally or by intravenous. The glucagon is given by intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection, and quickly raises blood glucose levels. To use the injectable form, it must be reconstituted prior to use, a step that requires a sterile diluent to be injected into a vial containing powdered glucagon, because the hormone is highly unstable when dissolved in solution. When dissolved in a fluid state, glucagon can form amyloid fibrils, or tightly woven chains of proteins made up of the individual glucagon peptides, and once glucagon begins to fibrilize, it becomes useless when injected, as the glucagon cannot be absorbed and used by the body. The reconstitution process makes using glucagon cumbersome, although there are a number of products now in development from a number of companies that aim to make the product easier to use. Beta blocker overdoseAnecdotal evidence suggests a benefit of higher doses of glucagon in the treatment of overdose with beta blockers; the likely mechanism of action is the increase of cAMP in the myocardium, in effect bypassing the β-adrenergic second messenger system.[7] Anaphylaxis |
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