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词条 1978 Tour de France
释义

  1. Teams

  2. Pre-race favourites

  3. Route and stages

  4. Race overview

     Doping 

  5. Classification leadership

  6. Final standings

     General classification  Points classification  Mountains classification  Young rider classification  Intermediate sprints classification  Team classification  Team points classification 

  7. Super Prestige Pernod rankings

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. Bibliography

  11. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox cycling race report
| name = 1978 Tour de France
| image = Route of the 1978 Tour de France.png
| image_caption = Route of the 1978 Tour de France
| image_size = 360px
| series =
| race_no =
| series_no =
| date = 29 June – 23 July
| stages = 22 + Prologue, including two split stages
| distance = 3908
| unit = km
| time = 112h 03' 02"
| first = Bernard Hinault
| first_nat = FRA
| first_natvar =
| first_team = {{ct|REN|1978}}
| first_color = yellow
| second = Joop Zoetemelk
| second_nat = NED
| second_natvar =
| second_team = {{ct|Mercier|1978}}
| third = Joaquim Agostinho
| third_nat = POR
| third_natvar =
| third_team = {{ct|Flandria|1978}}
| points = Freddy Maertens
| points_nat = BEL
| points_natvar =
| points_team = {{ct|Flandria|1978}}
| points_color = green
| mountains = Mariano Martínez
| mountains_nat = FRA
| mountains_natvar =
| mountains_team = {{ct|Jobo|1978}}
| mountains_color = polkadot
| sprints = Jacques Bossis
| sprints_nat = FRA
| sprints_team = {{ct|REN|1978}}
| youth = Henk Lubberding
| youth_nat = NED
| youth_natvar =
| youth_team = {{ct|TIR|1978}}
| youth_color = white
| team = {{ct|Mercier|1978}}
| teampoints = {{ct|TIR|1978}}
| combativity = Paul Wellens
| combativity_nat = BEL
| combativity_team = {{ct|TIR|1978}}
| previous = 1977
| next = 1979
}}

The 1978 Tour de France was the 65th edition of the Tour de France, one of cycling's Grand Tours. It took place between June 29 and July 23, with 22 stages covering a distance of {{convert|3908|km|0|abbr=on}}.

The 1978 Tour had a high-profile doping case when Michel Pollentier was caught in an attempt to cheat the doping test, after he had won the 16th stage to Alpe d'Huez, and had taken the lead in the general classification. Pollentier left the race, and the overall victory became a battle between Joop Zoetemelk and Bernard Hinault. In the end, it was won by debutant Bernard Hinault, for the first of his five victories. The points classification was won by Freddy Maertens, and the mountains classification by Mariano Martínez.

Teams

{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1978 Tour de France}}

The 1978 Tour started with 11 teams, each sent 10 cyclists, a total of 110.[1][1]

The teams entering the race were:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{ct|Peugeot|1978}}
  • {{ct|TIR|1978}}
  • {{ct|C&A|1978}}
  • {{ct|KAS|1978}}
  • {{ct|Mercier|1978}}
  • {{ct|REN|1978}}
  • {{ct|Teka|1978}}
  • Lejeune–BP
  • {{ct|Fiat|1978}}
  • {{ct|Flandria|1978}}
  • {{ct|Jobo|1978}}
{{div col end}}

Pre-race favourites

Since the 1977 Tour de France, dominant riders as Eddy Merckx, Felice Gimondi, Raymond Poulidor and Luis Ocaña had retired.[2] Lucien Van Impe, the winner of 1976, had broken his collarbone and was still recovering.[3]

The main contenders were debutant Hinault, who had won the 1978 Vuelta a España, and Joop Zoetemelk, who had already finished in second place for three times. Pre-race analysis judged Hinault better in the time trials, and Zoetemelk better in the mountains.[3] Bernard Thévenet, the winner of the 1977 Tour de France, was out of form, and not considered a favourite.[1]

Route and stages

The 1978 Tour de France started on 29 June, and had two rest days, in Biarritz and Alpe d'Huez.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=69}}

The twenty-first stage from Epernay to Senlis was split in three parts: 78.5 km from Epernay to Soissons, directly followed by 59 km from Soissons to Compiègne, directly followed by 70.5 km from Compiègne to Senlis; the sprints in Soissons and Compiegne counted as flying stages, which were won by Freddy Maertens and Wilfried Wesemael.[4] Although they technically had the same status as all other stages, these flying stages are not shown in most overviews.

[5]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|p=69}}[6]
StageDateCourseDistanceTypeWinner
P29 June Leiden (Netherlands){{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Jan Raas|NED}}
1a30 June Leiden to Sint Willebrord (Netherlands){{convert|135|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jan Raas|NED}}
1b Sint Willebrord (Netherlands) to Brussels (Belgium){{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Walter Planckaert|BEL}}
21 July Brussels (Belgium) to Saint-Amand-les-Eaux{{convert|199|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jacques Esclassan|FRA}}
32 July Saint-Amand-les-Eaux to Saint-Germain-en-Laye{{convert|244|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Klaus-Peter Thaler|GER}}
43 July Évreux to Caen{{convert|153|km|abbr=on}} Team time trial {{ct|TIR|1978}}}}
54 July Caen to Mazé-Montgeoffroy{{convert|244|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
65 July Mazé-Montgeoffroy to Poitiers{{convert|162|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Sean Kelly|IRE}}
76 July Poitiers to Bordeaux{{convert|242|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
87 July Saint-Émilion to Sainte-Foy-la-Grande{{convert|59|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
98 July Bordeaux to Biarritz{{convert|233|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Miguel Maria Lasa|ESP}}
9 JulyBiarritzRest day
1010 July Biarritz to Pau{{convert|192|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Henk Lubberding|NED}}
1111 July Pau to Saint-Lary-Soulan Pla d'Adet{{convert|161|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Mariano Martínez|FRA}}
12a12 July Tarbes to Valence d'Agen{{convert|158|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Cancelled}}
12b Valence d'Agen to Toulouse{{convert|96|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jacques Esclassan|FRA}}
1313 July Figeac to Super Besse{{convert|221|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Paul Wellens|BEL}}
1414 July Besse-en-Chandesse to Puy de Dôme{{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}
1515 July Saint-Dier-d'Auvergne to Saint-Étienne{{convert|196|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
1616 July St-Étienne to Alpe d'Huez{{convert|241|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Hennie Kuiper|NED}}
17 JulyAlpe d'HuezRest day
1718 July Grenoble to Morzine{{convert|225|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Christian Seznec|FRA}}
1819 July Morzine to Lausanne{{convert|137|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Gerrie Knetemann|NED}}
1920 July Lausanne to Belfort{{convert|182|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Marc Demeyer|BEL}}
2021 July Metz to Nancy{{convert|72|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
2122 July Epernay to Senlis{{convert|207|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jan Raas|NED}}
2223 July Saint Germain en Laye to Paris (Champs-Élysées){{convert|162|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Gerrie Knetemann|NED}}
Total{{convert|3908|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=109}}

Race overview

{{main|1978 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11|1978 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22}}

During the prologue, held in the Netherlands, the weather was bad. The four top places were taken by Dutch cyclists, with Jan Raas the winner. The team directors then had a meeting, and all but the manager of Raas' team voted to request the Tour directors to not count the results from the prologue for the overall classification. The directors agreed, so the prologue results did not count.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}[7] Jan Raas was still given the stage win, but he was not recognized as race leader, so he was not allowed to wear the yellow jersey during the first stage. The winner of the previous year, Bernard Thévenet, was allowed to wear the yellow jersey, but he refused.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} In that first stage, Raas and his team were full of anger. Raas escaped close to the finish, and beat everybody by a second, thus becoming the race's leader after all.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

Raas lost the lead in the third stage. The fourth stage was run as a time trial. The TI–Raleigh team was specialized in this, and they won the stage. Klaus-Peter Thaler of the TI–Raleigh team became the new leader, thanks to the bonification seconds.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Hinault beat Zoetemelk in the time trial in stage eight.[3] Joseph Bruyère, former second man of Eddy Merckx, finished in second place and became the new race leader.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

The eleventh stage included the toughest mountains in the Pyrenées. On the last mountain, the Pla d'Adet, Pollentier and Zoetemelk attacked, and Martinez and Hinault soon followed. Martinez rode away to win the stage, and Hinault won some seconds on Zoetemelk. Bruyère stayed the leader, with Hinault in second place and Zoetemelk in third place.[3] During that stage, Thevenet retired.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} The next day, the twelfth stage was scheduled, split into two sections. This meant that after the transfer from the previous stage, the riders were not in bed before 12:00 am, and had to wake up at 5:00 am.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} In the early stage to Valence-d'Agen, the riders held a strike against the early start. They rode at a slow pace of {{convert|20|km/h|mph}},[3] arrived at the finish well behind schedule, and crossed the finish line walking.[8] The Tour officials canceled the stage.[3] The fourteenth stage was an individual mountain time trial. Zoetemelk won the stage, beating Bruyère by 55 seconds and Hinault by 100 seconds.[3] Hinault had lost some time because his lightweight bike, that he intended to use for the steepest part, broke when he hit a spectator while changing bikes.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

In the sixteenth stage, that ended on top of Alpe d'Huez, Pollentier attacked. At the foot of the Alpe d'Huez, Pollentier had a margin of two minutes. He was chased by Hinault, Zoetemelk and Kuiper, who at 4 km before the finish had closed the gap to 50 seconds. Hinault then attacked, and Kuiper could follow but Zoetemelk had to let them go. Pollentier stayed away, won the stage and became the new leader of the general classification.[3] As stage winner and general classification leader, Pollentier had to go to the doping control. Pollentier first went to his hotel, and was only found two hours later.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Another cyclist at the doping control, Antoine Guttierrez, was found with a fake urine sample, trying to use it to fake the doping control. This device did not work, and the race doctor discovered the fraud. He then checked the other cyclists, and Pollentier was using the same fraud.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Pollentier was removed from the race, and Zoetemelk became the new leader.[3] Pollentier later explained that he tried to evade the controls because he had taken amphetamines for breathing, and he did not know if it would give back a positive test.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}}

In the seventeenth stage, Kuiper, third in the general classification, crashed, broke a clavicle, and had to leave the race.{{sfn|McGann|McGann|2008|pages=111–117}} Hinault was only 14 seconds behind Zoetemelk at the start of the time trial in stage 20. Hinault won that time trial by more than four minutes over Zoetemelk, and became the race leader.[3]

Doping

In total, 110 doping tests were done. Three cyclists were penalized for doping offences, all tested after the sixteenth stage;[9] Antoine Guttierrez, for attempt of fraud; Michel Pollentier, for attempt of fraud; and José Nazabal. Nazabal had already anticipated the positive result, and had left the race before the eighteenth stage.

Guttierrez and Pollentier were removed from the race and banned for two months; Nazabal was set back to the last place of the stage, received ten minutes penalty time in the general classification, a fine of 1000 Swiss Francs and one month provisional suspension.

Classification leadership

There were several classifications in the 1978 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[10] Some rules were changed after the 1977 Tour de France, mainly concerning the time bonuses. In previous years, intermediate sprints were not associated with time bonuses, but in 1978, the winner of such a sprint got 20 seconds bonification time, if he was part of an escape (defined as a group with less than 20% of the total cyclists, with a margin of 20 seconds of more on the next group).[11]

The penalty system was also changed. In previous years, cyclists who broke the rules on minor points (being pushed, taking drinks on places where it was not allowed) were penalized with points in the points classification. From 1978 on, time penalties were also given for the general classification.[11]

Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[10]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polka dot jersey.[10]

Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but restricted to riders who were born after 1 July 1978, and were in their first or second year as professional cyclist. There were 34 riders that qualified for the classification on the start list.[12] The leader wore a white jersey.

The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1978, this classification had no associated jersey.[13]

The team classification in 1977 was calculated with the times of the three best cyclists per team, but was in 1978 changed to the best five cyclists.[11][14] The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified by yellow caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} The Kas team finished with only two cyclists, so was not eligible for the team classifications.[15]

The combativity award was given to Paul Wellens.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=69}}

Classification leadership by stage[16][17]
StageStage winnerGeneral classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Intermediate sprints classificationTeam classifications
By timeBy points
P Jan Raas cancelled no awardno award no award no award cancelled cancelled
1a Jan RaasJan RaasJan RaasJean-Louis GauthierFreddy Maertens{{ct|TIR|1978}}{{ct|TIR|1978}}
1b Walter PlanckaertFreddy Maertens
2 Jacques EsclassanRoger LegeaySean Kelly
3 Klaus-Peter ThalerJacques BossisRené BittingerJacques Bossis
4TIR|1978}}Klaus-Peter Thaler
5 Freddy MaertensREN|1978}}
6 Sean KellyGerrie Knetemann{{ct|Peugeot|1978}}
7 Freddy Maertens
8 Bernard HinaultJoseph BruyèreHenk Lubberding
9 Miguel Maria Lasa
10 Henk LubberdingGilbert Lelay
11 Mariano MartínezMichel Pollentier{{ct|REN|1978}}
12a cancelled
12b Jacques EsclassanPeugeot|1978}}
13 Paul Wellens{{ct|C&A|1978}}{{ct|TIR|1978}}
14 Joop Zoetemelk
15 Bernard Hinault{{ct|Mercier|1978}}
16 Hennie KuiperJoop ZoetemelkMariano Martínez
17 Christian SeznecBernard Hinault
18 Gerrie KnetemannMariano Martínez
19 Marc Demeyer
20 Bernard HinaultBernard Hinault
21 Jan Raas
22 Gerrie Knetemann
FinalBernard HinaultFreddy Maertens{{font color|white|Mariano Martínez|link=Mariano Martínez (cyclist)Henk Lubberding Jacques BossisMercier|1978TIR|1978

Final standings

Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification

General classification

Magowan|1979|p=198}}{{sfn|Duker|1978}}
RankRiderTeamTime
1Bernard Hinault|FRA}}REN|1978}}107h 18' 00"
2Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}Mercier|1978}}+ 3' 56"
3Joaquim Agostinho|POR}}Flandria|1978}}+ 6' 54"
4Joseph Bruyère|BEL}}C&A|1978}}+ 9' 04"
5Christian Seznec|FRA}}Mercier|1978}}+ 12' 50"
6Paul Wellens|BEL}}TIR|1978}}+ 14' 38"
7Francisco Galdós|ESP}}KAS|1978}}+ 17' 08"
8Henk Lubberding|NED}}TIR|1978}}+ 17' 26"
9Lucien Van Impe|BEL}}C&A|1978}}+ 21' 01"
10Mariano Martínez|FRA}}Jobo|1978}}+ 22' 58"
{{columns-start}}

Points classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}[15]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Freddy Maertens|BEL}}Flandria|1978}}242
2Jacques Esclassan|FRA}}Peugeot|1978}}185
3Bernard Hinault|FRA}}REN|1978}}123
4Jan Raas|NED}}TIR|1978}}109
5Joseph Bruyère|BEL}}C&A|1978}}100
6Klaus-Peter Thaler|GER}}TIR|1978}}91
7Yvon Bertin|FRA}}REN|1978}}79
8Jacques Bossis|FRA}}REN|1978}}74
9Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}Mercier|1978}}71
10Joaquim Agostinho|POR}}Teka|1978}}70
{{column}}

Mountains classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}[15]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Mariano Martínez|FRA}}Jobo|1978}}187
2Bernard Hinault|FRA}}REN|1978}}176
3Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}Mercier|1978}}155
4Christian Seznec|FRA}}Mercier|1978}}90
5Joaquim Agostinho|POR}}Flandria|1978}}73
6Sven-Åke Nilsson|SWE}}Mercier|1978}}70
7Paul Wellens|BEL}}TIR|1978}}68
8René Bittinger|FRA}}Flandria|1978}}63
9Gilbert Le Lay|FRA}}Fiat|1978}}54
10Lucien Van Impe|BEL}}C&A|1978}}53
{{columns-end}}{{columns-start}}

Young rider classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}[15][18]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Henk Lubberding|NED}}TIR|1978}}107h 25' 26"
2Sven-Åke Nilsson|SWE}}Mercier|1978}}+ 05' 34"
3René Bittinger|FRA}}Flandria|1978}}+ 36' 21"
4Pierre Bazzo|FRA}} Lejeune–BP + 38' 09"
5Gilbert Le Lay|FRA}}Fiat|1978}}+ 40' 14"
6René Martens|BEL}}C&A|1978}}+ 45' 03"
7Pierre-Raymond Villemiane|FRA}}REN|1978}}+ 50' 24"
8Juan Pujol|ESP}}KAS|1978}}+ 50' 54"
9Sean Kelly|IRE}}Flandria|1978}}+ 52' 52"
10Gilbert Chaumaz|FRA}}REN|1978}}+ 58' 24"
{{column}}

Intermediate sprints classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}{{sfn|Duker|1978}}
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Jacques Bossis|FRA}}REN|1978}}95
2Philippe Tesnière|FRA}}Fiat|1978}}60
3Pierre-Raymond Villemiane|FRA}}REN|1978}}52
4Freddy Maertens|BEL}}Flandria|1978}}44
5Marcel Laurens|BEL}}C&A|1978}}21
6Jean-Jacques Fussien|FRA}}Fiat|1978}}18
7Bernard Hinault|FRA}}REN|1978}}18
8Jacques Esclassan|FRA}}Peugeot|1978}}16
9Yvon Bertin|FRA}}REN|1978}}15
10Sean Kelly|IRE}}Flandria|1978}}14
{{columns-end}}{{columns-start}}

Team classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}[15]
RankTeamTime
1Mercier|1978}}562h 05' 52"
2TIR|1978}}+ 17' 20"
3C&A|1978}}+ 17' 22"
4Flandria|1978}}+ 1h 15' 45"
5REN|1978}}+ 1h 47' 46"
6Peugeot|1978}}+ 4h 25' 36"
7Lejeune–BP+ 4h 29' 18"
8Teka|1978}}+ 4h 51' 32"
9Jobo|1978}}+ 5h 02' 48"
10Fiat|1978}}+ 7h 04' 37"
{{column}}

Team points classification

Magowan|1979|p=199}}[15]
RankTeamTime
1TIR|1978}}720
2REN|1978}}909
3Flandria|1978}}972
4Mercier|1978}}1072
5Peugeot|1978}}1144
6C&A|1978}}1456
7Jobo|1978}}1656
8Lejeune–BP1729
9Fiat|1978}}2347
10Teka|1978}}2629
{{columns-end}}

Super Prestige Pernod rankings

The top twelve places of the general classification awarded points that contributed towards the Super Prestige Pernod,[19] an international season-long road cycling competition, with the winner seen as the best all-round rider.[20] The 110 points accrued by Bernard Hinault moved him to the top of the rankings, replacing Francesco Moser, who did not ride the Tour.[21]

Super Prestige Pernod rankings on 24 July 1978 (1–6)[21]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Bernard Hinault|FRA}}REN|1978}}210
2Francesco Moser|ITA}}Filotex|1978}}178
3Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}Mercier|1978}}136
4Roger De Vlaeminck|BEL}}Filotex|1978}}104
5Michel Pollentier|BEL}}Flandria|1978}}104
6Joseph Bruyère|BEL}}C&A|1978}}103

See also

{{portal|Cycling|France}}
  • 1978 Giro d'Italia
  • 1978 Vuelta a España
  • 1978 in sports
  • Doping at the Tour de France
  • List of doping cases in cycling

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1978/partants.html|title=Historique du Tour de France - Year 1978: The starters|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=18 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913052948/http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/1978/partants.html|archive-date=13 September 2011|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
2. ^Thompson, p.215
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/Feb06/top25-9.htm|title=1978: The Cannibal Retires, the Badger Shines|work=Cycling Revealed|year=2006|author=Boyce, Barry|accessdate=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720204551/http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/Feb06/top25-9.htm|archive-date=20 July 2010|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959903%3Ampeg21%3Ap016%3Aa0243|title=Acht Nederlandse zege's|language=Dutch|publisher=Koninklijke Bibliotheek|work=Het vrije volk|date=24 July 1978|accessdate=8 December 2013|page=16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215185325/http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959903%3Ampeg21%3Ap016%3Aa0243|archive-date=15 December 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1978.php|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=65ème Tour de France 1978|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813123617/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1978.php|archive-date=2012-08-13|access-date=26 September 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1978|title=Tour de France GC top ten|first=Arian|last=Zwegers|website=CVCCBike.com|accessdate=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hQnRPAvL?url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html|archive-date=10 June 2009|deadurl=no}}
7. ^{{cite magazine|title=The story of the 1978 Tour de France|url=https://www.bluetoad.com/article/TdF_1978/774495/74444/article.html|magazine=ROAD Magazine|location=Valencia, CA|publisher=H3 Publications|issue=August 2011|pages=90–94|via=BlueToad|date=|access-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306025447/https://www.bluetoad.com/article/TdF_1978/774495/74444/article.html|archive-date=6 March 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^Thompson, p.102
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dopage.com/cas-dopage/tombes-au-champs-dhonneur-81-105-11-770.html |title=Tombés au champs d'honneur |publisher=Magazine Sport & Vie |language=French |number=79 |date=July 2003 |accessdate=16 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213011439/http://www.dopage.com/cas-dopage/tombes-au-champs-dhonneur-81-105-11-770.html |archivedate=13 December 2007 |df=dmy }}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |title=Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success |first=Sarah |last=Christian |date=2 July 2009 |accessdate=27 April 2012 |publisher=RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209134934/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |archivedate=9 February 2013 |df= }}
11. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010959882%3Ampeg21%3Ap017%3Aa0290|title=Bonificaties, truien, punten en klassementen|language=Dutch|date=29 June 1978|publisher=De Arbeiderspers|work=Het Vrije Volk|accessdate=13 July 2013}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl//vw/article.do?id=LC-19780714-9003|title=Henk Lubberding rijdt een geweldige Tour, ook al valt dat nauwelijks op|trans-title=Henk Lubberding is driving a great Tour, even though that is hardly noticeable|language=Dutch|work=Leeuwarder Courant|date=14 July 1978|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306052139/https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl//vw/article.do?id=LC-19780714-9003|archive-date=6 March 2019|dead-url=no|via=De Krant van Toen}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm|title=Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification|first=Eddy van der|last=Mark|accessdate=27 April 2012|publisher=Chippewa Valley Cycling Club|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916055937/http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm|archive-date=16 September 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19771110-13007|title=Tour de France '78 bijna 4000 km lang|trans-title=Tour de France '78 almost 4000 km long|language=Dutch|work=Leeuwarder Courant|date=10 November 1977|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306051023/https://www.dekrantvantoen.nl/vw/article.do?id=LC-19771110-13007|archive-date=6 March 2019|dead-url=no|via=De Krant van Toen}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1978/07/24/pagina-25/1047574/pdf.html|title=Clasificaciones oficiales|date=24 July 1978|page=25|language=Spanish|work=El Mundo Deportivo|accessdate=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405153844/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1978/07/24/pagina-25/1047574/pdf.html|archive-date=5 April 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19780724&id=GVA-19780724-01011011|title=Tour panorama|language=Dutch|work=Gazet van Antwerpen|date=24 July 1978|page=11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214183242/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19780724&id=GVA-19780724-01011011|archive-date=14 February 2019|dead-url=no}}
17. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1978|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1978|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1978|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302051017/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1978|archivedate=2 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=2 March 2019|dead-url=no}}
18. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Stand in het jongerenklassement – Etappe 22|trans-title=Standings in the youth classification – Stage 22|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/jongerenstand.php?jaar=1978&etappe=22|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/76fDwGlVU?url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/jongerenstand.php?jaar=1978|archivedate=6 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=6 March 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=Gedupeerd comité dreigt met rechter Leiden lijdt door Peter Heerkens|trans-title=The injured committee is in danger of being led by judge Peter Heerkens|language=Dutch|via=Delpher|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010563249:mpeg21:p029|work=Limburgs Dagblad|date=30 June 1978|page=29}}
20. ^{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=Richard |authorlink1=Richard Moore (journalist) |title=Remembering Super Prestige Pernod, the season-long battle for title of best rider in the world |url=https://cyclingtips.com/2017/06/remembering-super-prestige-pernod-season-long-battle-title-best-rider-world/ |accessdate=3 February 2019 |work=CyclingTips |publisher=Wade Wallace |date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204065759/https://cyclingtips.com/2017/06/remembering-super-prestige-pernod-season-long-battle-title-best-rider-world/ |archive-date=4 February 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}
21. ^1 {{cite news|title=Tour-puntig|trans-title=Tour-pointed|language=Dutch|via=Delpher|url=https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010563217:mpeg21:p009|work=Limburgs Dagblad|date=30 June 1978|page=9}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=French|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=Tour de France|location=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|dead-url=no|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Duker|first=Peter|title=Tour de France 1978|year=1978|publisher=Kennedy Brothers|location=Silsden, UK|asin=B00FO7KG80|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_m1AAAAIAAJ|title=Tour de France: The 75th anniversary cycle race|first=Robin|last=Magowan|isbn=978-0-09-138730-3|publisher=Stanley Paul|location=London|year=1979|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=McGann|first1=Bill|last2=McGann|first2=Carol|title=The story of the Tour de France: 1965–2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=978-1-59858-608-4|year=2008|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Nauright|first1=John|last2=Parrish|first2=Charles|title=Sports around the world: History, culture, and practice|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpzzPqexF00C|title=The Tour de France: A cultural history|first=Christopher S.|last=Thompson|isbn=978-0-520-25630-9|publisher=University of California Press|location=Oakland, CA|year=2008|ref=harv}}

External links

{{commons category-inline|Tour de France 1978|1978 Tour de France}}{{Cycling stage recaps|1978 Tour de France|P|11|12a|22}}{{Tour de France}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:1978 Tour De France}}

7 : 1978 Tour de France|1978 in cycle racing|1978 in French sport|Tour de France by year|1978 in Dutch sport|June 1978 sports events in Europe|July 1978 sports events in Europe
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