| 词条 | Gosos | ||
| 释义 |
The {{lang|sdn|gosos}} or {{lang|sdn|goccius}} are a kind of devotional and paraliturgical songs of Iberian origin typical of Sardinia, and written in the Sardinian language.[1][2] EtymologyThe term {{lang|sdn|gosos}} and its varieties ({{lang|sdn|gotzos}}, {{lang|sdn|cotzos}}, and {{lang|sdn|gosi}} in Gallurese) used in the central-northern part of Sardinia derive from the Castilian {{lang|es|gozos}},{{efn|For the original use, see: | last = de San Antonio | first = J. | title = Novena del glorioso principe y sagrado arcangel San Rafael, médico y medicina de los dolientes, guía y defensor de los caminantes, abogado y protector de los pretendientes, consuelo y alivio de los afligidos | publisher = por la viuda de Miguel de Ortega | year = 1742 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AgIbZn1iGbkC | language = es | access-date = 14 June 2018 }} | last = Sánchez | first = T.A. | last2 = Pidal | first2 = P.J. | last3 = Janer | first3 = F. | title = Poetas castellanos anteriores al siglo XV | publisher = M. Rivadeneyra | series = Biblioteca de autores espanoles desde la formacion del lenguaje hasta nuestros dias | year = 1864 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zdD5mkswcpAC | language = es | access-date = 14 June 2018 }} }} whereas in southern Sardinia the varieties {{lang|sdn|goggius}}, {{lang|sdn|goccius}}, and {{lang|sdn|coggius}} derive from the Catalan {{lang|ca|goigs}}, which has been kept as such in the city of Alghero.[3] Both {{lang|es|gozos}} and {{lang|ca|goigs}} seem to originate in turn from the Latin {{lang|la|gaudium}} meaning "joy" or "delight".[4][5] Sergio Bullegas, to whom the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} seem to constitute "an hagiographic genre of dramatic kind", stresses the "clear influence of the Hispano-Catalan culture" and the "rather close linguistic relationship with the {{lang|ca|goigs}}."[6][7]
A minor denomination comes from the Catalan {{lang|ca|cobla}} (strophe),[8] called gròbbes or cròbbes, which also comprise some other genres related to the improvised poetry in some areas around Nuoro, and especially where the conventional boundaries of the Logudorese and Campidanese dialects merge.[9] The gosos in SardiniaThe {{lang|sdn|gosos}} include religious pieces of music in the Sardinian language and all its dialects, following a rhyme scheme based on the octave, sestina and quintain.{{r|"Dore 1983"}} According to the scholar {{ill|Giovanni Dore|it}}, the roots of the Sardinian {{lang|sdn|gosos}} actually lie in the Byzantine models: they are in fact identical to the Greek kontakion in terms of the metre structure and the strophes with the chorus at the end.{{r|"Dore 1983"|p=VII}} It is also known from the De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae that the protospatharios Torchitorio I, in honor of the Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, sent a delegation of Sardinians who sang a peculiar Greek hymn in Constantinople.{{r|"Dore 1983"|p=VIII}} Some other authors think that the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} derive from the Italian lauda, which made its way to Sardinia and the other regions of Europe thanks to Saint Francis' spiritual influence; it has also been theorised that the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} style of singing might actually be of autochthonous origin, with sonorities typical of the ancient Mediterranean region.{{r|"Spada 2005"}} Starting from the 14th century, the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} were already mentioned as a fundamental part of the novenas; while Sardinian was still retained in the 15th century, the Spanish language overall prevailed. A temporary halt is attested when the Spanish Inquisition operated, but the genre of religious drama spread on the island in the 17th century, and the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} were an integral part of such rituals.{{r|"Dore 1983"|p=VIII}} Philip IV imposed a ban on theatrical performances in 1649; however, the tradition in Sardinia was kept alive and, from the 18th century onwards, manuscripts documenting the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} in Sardinian became widespread and were soon handed out to all the local communities.{{r|"Dore 1983"|p=VIII–IX}}[10] Some pieces written in Spanish have also been saved, such as the one in the parish of Sedilo by Jaime Zonquelo Espada, who composed the Gosos de la Virgen de la Piedad in 1734.{{r|"Spada 2005"}} They became the subject of censorship again in 1763, when the archbishop of Sassari Giulio Cesare Viancini forbade the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} in favour of a sterner style (the prelate had favourable views towards Jansenism).[11][12] These popular Sardinian chants were forbidden once more in 1924, when the {{lang|it|Concilio Plenario Sardo}} (Plenary Council of Sardinia) congregated at the Santa Giusta Cathedral in Oristano and put a ban on this kind of singing.[13] The following years also saw the {{lang|sdn|gosos}} being declared illegal, in accordance with a series of policies that favoured cultural assimilation to Italian and discouraged the use of the non-Italian dialects and languages, Sardinian included.{{r|"Spada 2005"}}{{efn|For details on the 1924 Concilio Plenario Sardo, see "Lettera degli Arcivescovi e Vescovi di Sardegna al loro Clero e Popolo", 31 May 1924 in Monitore Ufficiale dell'Episcopato Sardo, pp. 47– ff.}} CollectionsThe most ancient {{lang|sdn|gosos}} text known is the collection of the Laudes a sa Rejna de sa Rosa.[14] Grazia Deledda has documented some {{lang|sdn|gosos}} in a chapter of her work Tradizioni popolari di Nuoro ({{Literal translation|Popular traditions of Nuoro}}),[15] as they were reported to her in the prolific collector Giuseppe Ferraro's work Canti popolari in dialetto logudorese.[16][17] Said collection by Ferraro has 37 {{lang|sdn|gosos}} transcribed, some of them being reported in the single local varieties, and all of them reporting the name of whoever collected them first.[18] In 2004, the diocese of Nuoro released a collection of {{lang|sdn|gosos}} edited by the priests Giovanni Carta and Pietro Muggianu, with one hundred or so {{lang|sdn|gosos}} that were scattered across the various parishes of central Sardinia.[19][20] See also
Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^{{cite book | last = Hobart | first = M. | title = A Companion to Sardinian History, 500–1500 | publisher = Brill | series = Brill's Companions to European History | year = 2017 | isbn = 978-90-04-34124-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WuEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA457 | access-date = 14 June 2018 | page = 457 | quote = Singers from the Iberian Peninsula arriving in Iglesias in 1326 and Bonaria in at least 1346, during the first wave of ... among the most significant examples of Iberian cultural influences on Sardinia are the gosos/goggius (connected with ...}} [21][22]2. ^{{cite book | last = Ahmedaja | first = A. | last2 = Haid | first2 = G. | title = European Voices: Multipart singing in the Balkans and the Mediterranean. I | publisher = Böhlau Verlag Wien | series = European Voices | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-3-205-78090-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Iga91qAoeDYC&pg=PA113 | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 113 | quote = Spread all over Sardinia, the gozos are religious texts devoted to a Lady or Saint that are performed with different ...}} 3. ^{{cite book | last = Mele | first = Giampaolo | editor-last = Caria | editor-first = Roberto | title = I gosos: fattore unificante nelle tradizioni culturali e cultuali della Sardegna | publisher = Ed. Provincia di Oristano | language = it | date = 2004 | pages = 11–34 | chapter = Il canto dei Gosos tra penisola iberica e Sardegna, Medio Evo, epoca moderna}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = Solinas | first = G. | title = Comenti nascit e crescit sa poesia de Sardigna: elementus de cumposizioni poetica in lingua sarda | publisher = Castello | year = 1997 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hlhdAAAAMAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 119 | quote = Infatti la etimohogia fa derivare la voce più da "gozo" (godimento in spagnolo) che da "gaudium", parola latina. Essi sono presenti in Sardegna già dal Quattrocento come si è già visto nelle "Laudes" di Borutta, nelle composizioni ...}} 5. ^{{cite book | last = Quaquero | first = M. | title = Musiche e musicisti in Sardegna | publisher = C. Delfino | series = Musiche e musicisti in Sardegna | issue = v. 3 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-88-7138-350-7 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=atUXAQAAIAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 141 | quote = Sergio Bullegas nella sua Storia del teatro in Sardegna, tali forme (chiamate Goigs in lingua catalana, Gosos e Gozos al ...}} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Bullegas | first = Sergio | title = Il teatro in Sardegna fra Cinque e Seicento – Da Sigismondo Arquer ad Antioco del Arca | publisher = Edes | year = 1976 | language = it}} 7. ^{{cite book | last = Bernardi | first = C. | title = La drammaturgia della settimana santa in Italia | publisher = Vita e Pensiero | series = Cittá e lo spettacolo | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-88-343-2902-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0FwqPEShxRYC&pg=PA495 | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 495}} 8. ^{{cite book | last = Wagner | first = M.L. | authorlink = Max Leopold Wagner | title = Dizionario Etimologico Sardo | publisher = Winter | series = Sammlung romanischer Elementar- und Handbuecher | year = 1960 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xaZUswEACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018}} 9. ^{{cite book | last = Sedda | first = P.G. | title = Crobbes: poesie del 700 dalla tradizione orale | publisher = Iniziative Culturali | series = L'altra parola | year = 1987 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HvHDtgAACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book | last = Ferrer | first = E.B. | title = Storia linguistica della Sardegna | publisher = De Gruyter | series = Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-3-11-132911-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S0Us0DqE79MC&pg=PA162 | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 162}} 11. ^{{cite book | last = Bessone | first = A.S. | title = Il giansenismo nel Biellese | publisher = Centro studi biellesi | series = Centro Studi Biellese: Pubblicazione | year = 1976 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V2RUYAAACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018 | page = 132}} 12. ^{{cite book | last = Mattone | first = A. | title = Storia dell'Università di Sassari | publisher = Ilisso | series = Storia dell'Università di Sassari | issue = v. 1 | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-88-6202-071-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gEpHAQAAIAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 71}} 13. ^{{cite journal | last = Pinna | first = Antonio | date = July 2010 | title = Attualità e vitalità dei "gosos".I "gosos" e la paraliturgia: incrocio fra tradizione popolare e tradizione colta. Due casi di studio | url = https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3625794 | journal = INSULA: Quaderno di cultura sarda | issue = 8 | pages = 101–22 | access-date = 15 June 2018}} 14. ^{{cite book | last = Filia | first = D. | title = Il laudario lirico quattrocentista e la vita religiosa dei Disciplinati bianchi di Sassari: con Officio e Statuti italiani inediti | publisher = Gallizzi | year = 1935 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GnSfoAEACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018}} 15. ^{{cite book | last = Deledda | first = G. | authorlink = Grazia Deledda | title = Tradizioni popolari di Nuoro in Sardegna | publisher = Forzani e C. tipografi del Senato | series = Biblioteca Nazionale delle Tradizioni Popolari Italiane | year = 1894 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hSV7nQEACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018}} Available online and {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106002406/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/documenti/17_81_20080423085519.pdf |date=6 January 2012}} 16. ^{{cite book | last = Ferraro | first = G. | title = Canti popolari in dialetto logudorese | publisher = E. Loescher | series = Canti e racconti del popolo italiano | year = 1891 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wAldAAAAMAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018}} 17. ^{{cite book | last = Ferraro | first = G. | last2 = Comparetti | first2 = D. | title = Canti e racconti del popolo italiano. 9 : Canti popolari in dialetto logudorese : 1 | publisher = Loescher | issue = v. 9 | year = 1891 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qnH_tQEACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018}} 18. ^{{cite book | last = Atzori | first = M. | last2 = Paulis | first2 = G. | title = Antologia delle tradizioni popolari in Sardegna | publisher = C. Delfino | series = Antologia delle tradizioni popolari in Sardegna | issue = v. 3 | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-88-7138-388-0 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k7bWAAAAMAAJ | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 | page = 1141}} 19. ^{{cite book | last = Carta | first = Giovanni | last2 = Muggianu | first2 = Pietro | title = Novenas e Gosos della Diocesi di Nuoro | publisher = Ed. L'Ortobene | year = 2004 | language = it}} 20. ^{{cite web | title = I Gosos | website = iSardinia.com | date = 24 January 2016 | url = https://www.isardinia.com/sardegna/articoli/i-gosos/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180615100132/https://www.isardinia.com/sardegna/articoli/i-gosos/ | archive-date = 15 June 2018 | dead-url = no | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018}} 21. ^{{cite book | last = Dore | first = Giovanni | title = Gosos e ternuras: testi e musiche religiose popolari sarde secondo l'antica e ininterrotta tradizione di pregare cantando | publisher = Istituto superiore regionale etnografico | year = 1983 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JBNYswEACAAJ | language = it | access-date = 14 June 2018}} Available online 22. ^{{cite web | title = I gosos di San Costantino | last = Spada | first = Antonio Francesco | website = Diritto @ Storia | date = 2005 | url = http://www.dirittoestoria.it/4/Tradizione-Romana/Spada-Gosos-di-San-Costantino.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060216135550/http://www.dirittoestoria.it/4/Tradizione-Romana/Spada-Gosos-di-San-Costantino.htm | archive-date = 16 February 2006 | dead-url = no | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018}} }} Further reading
| last = Boullier | first = A. | title = L'ile de Sardaigne par Auguste Boullier: L'ile de Sardaigne dialecte et chants populaires | publisher = E. Dentu | location = Paris | year = 1865 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ISRGgeZx-lcC | language = fr }} (translated into Italian by Raffa Garzia as {{cite book | last = Boullier | first = A. | last2 = Garzia | first2 = R. | title = I canti popolari della Sardegna: traduzione italiana con note | publisher = Stabilimenti poligrafici riuniti | year = 1916 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=05RNAQAAMAAJ | language = it }}) External links
| title = Audio – "Gozos to our Lady (Vivat Maria)", poliphonic group singing a tenore | website = Sardegna DigitalLibrary | url = http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/index.php?xsl=626&id=86103 | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 }}
| title = Audio – "Gozos to our Lady of Gonare", polyphonic female group | website = Sardegna DigitalLibrary | url = http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/index.php?xsl=2436&s=17&v=9&c=4462&id=86126 | language = it | access-date = 15 June 2018 }}{{italic title}} 3 : Genres of poetry|Song forms|Music in Sardinia |
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