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词条 1981 Tour de France
释义

  1. Teams

  2. Pre-race favourites

  3. Route and stages

  4. Race overview

     Doping 

  5. Classification leadership

  6. Final standings

     General classification  Points classification  Mountains classification  Young rider classification  Intermediate sprints classification  Team classification 

  7. Aftermath

  8. References

  9. Bibliography

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox cycling race report
| name = 1981 Tour de France
| image = Route of the 1981 Tour de France.png
| image_caption = Route of the 1981 Tour de France
| image_size = 360px
| series =
| race_no =
| series_no =
| date = 25 June – 19 July
| stages = 22 + Prologue, including two split stages
| distance = 3753
| unit = km
| time = 96h 19' 38"
| first = Bernard Hinault
| first_nat = FRA
| first_natvar =
| first_team = {{ct|REN|1981}}
| first_color = yellow
| second = Lucien Van Impe
| second_nat = BEL
| second_natvar =
| second_team = {{ct|Boston|1981}}
| third = Robert Alban
| third_nat = FRA
| third_natvar =
| third_team = {{ct|La Redoute|1981}}
| points = Freddy Maertens
| points_nat = BEL
| points_natvar =
| points_team = {{ct|Boule d'Or|1981b}}
| points_color = green
| mountains = Lucien Van Impe
| mountains_nat = BEL
| mountains_natvar =
| mountains_team = {{ct|Boston|1981}}
| mountains_color = polkadot
| sprints = Freddy Maertens
| sprints_nat = BEL
| sprints_team = {{ct|Boule d'Or|1981b}}
| youth = Peter Winnen
| youth_nat = NED
| youth_natvar =
| youth_team = {{ct|Capri Sonne|1981}}
| youth_color = white
| combination = Bernard Hinault
| combination_nat = FRA
| combination_natvar =
| combination_team = {{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
| team = {{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
| teampoints = {{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
| combativity = Bernard Hinault
| combativity_nat = FRA
| combativity_team = {{ct|REN|1981}}
| previous = 1980
| next = 1982
}}

The 1981 Tour de France was the 68th edition of the Tour de France, taking place between 25 June and 19 July. The total race distance was 24 stages over {{convert|3753|km|0|abbr=on}}. It was dominated by Bernard Hinault, who led the race from the sixth stage on, increasing his lead almost every stage, and winning the race with a margin of almost 15 minutes. Only Phil Anderson was able to stay close to him, until the seventeenth stage when he lost 17 minutes.

The points classification was won by Freddy Maertens, who did so by winning five stages. The mountains classification was won by Lucien Van Impe, Peter Winnen won the young rider classification, and the Peugeot team won the team classification.

Teams

{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1981 Tour de France}}

Late 1980, there were plans to make the tour "open", which meant that amateur teams would also be allowed to join. This would make it possible for teams from Eastern Europe to join.[1] The plan did not materialize, so only professional teams were invited. In January 1981, the organisation decided that there would be 15 teams with 10 cyclists, or 16 teams with 9 cyclists each. At that point, 16 teams had already submitted a request to join, and the organisation was in discussion with four additional Italian teams, and the American national team.[2] In the end, the American team did not apply, and the Italian teams decided to focus on the 1981 Giro d'Italia. The organisation selected 15 teams, who each selected 10 cyclists, for a total of 150 participants.

The teams entering the race were:[3][3]

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{ct|TIR|1981}}
  • {{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
  • {{ct|Mercier|1981}}
  • {{ct|Splendor|1981}}
  • {{ct|SEM|1981}}
  • {{ct|La Redoute|1981}}
  • {{ct|Capri Sonne|1981}}
  • {{ct|Wolber–Spidel|1981}}
  • {{ct|Boston|1981}}
  • {{ct|Teka|1981}}
  • {{ct|DAF|1981}}
  • {{ct|KEL|1981}}
  • {{ct|Boule d'Or|1981b}}
  • {{ct|Renault|1981}}
  • {{ct|Vermeer Thijs|1981}}
{{div col end}}

Pre-race favourites

Bernard Hinault, the winner of the 1978 and 1979 Tour de France and reigning world champion, was the main favourite. His knee problems, that caused him to leave the 1980 Tour de France, were solved, and he was in form: Hinault had won important races in the spring, and he had skipped the 1981 Giro d'Italia to focus on the Tour.[5][4]

His main rivals were 1980 Tour de France winner Joop Zoetemelk, 1976 Tour de France winner Lucien Van Impe and Joaquim Agostinho, although they had never been able to beat Hinault when he was in form, and of these rivals only Zoetemelk was ever able to keep Hinault within striking distance.[5]

Freddy Maertens, the winner of the points classification in the Tour de France in 1976 and 1978, had won only three minor races in 1979 and 1980, but in 1981 he was selected again for the Tour.[4]

Route and stages

The route for the 1981 Tour de France was revealed in December 1980.[5] Originally, the thirteenth stage was planned as a time trial, followed by a transfer of more than 500 km on the same day, with the fourteenth stage the next day as a mountain stage. A few months before the Tour, there were many teams interested in the Tour, and the Tour organisation was afraid that there would not be enough time on 9 July to have the time trial for that many cyclists, followed by the transfer. For this reason, the thirteenth stage was changed into a criterium, and the fourteenth stage became the time trial.[6] The 1981 Tour de France started on 25 June, and had two rest days, in Nantes and Morzine.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=72}}

[7]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|p=72}}[8]
StageDateCourseDistanceTypeWinner
P25 June Nice{{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
1a26 June Nice{{convert|97|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
1b Nice{{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} Team time trial {{ct|TIR|1981}}}}[9]
227 June Nice to Martigues{{convert|254|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Johan van der Velde|NED}}
328 June Martigues to Narbonne{{convert|232|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
429 June Narbonne to Carcassonne{{convert|77|km|abbr=on}} Team time trial {{ct|TIR|1981}}}}
530 June Saint-Gaudens to Pla d'Adet{{convert|117|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Lucien Van Impe|BEL}}
61 July Nay to Pau{{convert|27|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
72 July Pau to Bordeaux{{convert|227|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Urs Freuler|SUI}}
83 July Rochefort to Nantes{{convert|182|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Ad Wijnands|NED}}
4 JulyNantesRest day
95 July Nantes to Le Mans{{convert|197|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage René Martens|BEL}}
106 July Le Mans to Aulnay-sous-Bois{{convert|264|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Ad Wijnands|NED}}
117 July Compiègne to Roubaix{{convert|246|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Daniel Willems|BEL}}
12a8 July Roubaix to Brussels (Belgium){{convert|107|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
12b Brussels (Belgium) to Circuit Zolder (Belgium){{convert|138|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Eddy Planckaert|BEL}}
139 July Beringen (Belgium) to Hasselt (Belgium){{convert|157|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
1410 July Mulhouse{{convert|38|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
1511 July Besançon to Thonon-les-Bains{{convert|231|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Sean Kelly|IRE}}
1612 July Thonon-les-Bains to Morzine{{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Robert Alban|FRA}}
13 JulyMorzineRest day
1714 July Morzine to Alpe d'Huez{{convert|230|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Peter Winnen|NED}}
1815 July Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Le Pleynet{{convert|134|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
1916 July Veurey to Saint-Priest{{convert|118|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Daniel Willems|BEL}}
2017 July Saint-Priest{{convert|46|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
2118 July Auxerre to Fontenay-sous-Bois{{convert|207|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Johan van der Velde|NED}}
2219 July Fontenay-sous-Bois to Paris (Champs-Élysées){{convert|187|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Freddy Maertens|BEL}}
Total{{convert|3753|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=109}}

Race overview

{{main|1981 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 11|1981 Tour de France, Stage 12a to Stage 22}}

Hinault started out strong and won the prologue. Freddy Maertens showed he was still able to win sprints by winning the first part of the first stage. The second part was a team time trial, won by Ti-Raleigh, which put Gerrie Knetemann in the lead of the race. Ti Raleigh also won the second team time trial in stage four.[5]

The Pyrenees were only briefly visited, in the fifth stage.[4] For the last mountain, Hinault was the lead group, together with Lucien Van Impe and Phil Anderson. Van Impe escaped in the last kilometers and won the stage, 27 seconds ahead of Hinault. Anderson, who finished in third place, became the new leader, the first Australian cyclist to wear the yellow jersey.[10] Anderson had started as domestique for Jean-René Bernaudeau, and nobody was expecting him to be able to follow Hinault.[11] In the time trial of stage six, Hinault won as expected, and became the race leader. Anderson surprised with a third place, and he now followed Hinault by 13 seconds in the general classification.

In the following stages, through Northern France and Belgium, Hinault slowly increased his margin over Anderson by winning amelioration sprints, until lead by 57 seconds after stage 13. In stage 14, Hinault won the time trial, and added two more minutes to the margin.

In the sixteenth stage in the Alps, Anderson was not able to follow anymore. He lost 4 minutes to Hinault, but stayed in second place. Anderson lost this second place in the 17th stage, where he lost 17 minutes, making Van Impe the new second placed cyclist, nine minutes behind. Hinault showed his dominance by winning the eighteenth stage.

The time trial in stage 20 was also won by Hinault, who increased the margin to Van Impe to more than 14 minutes.[7]

Doping

In the 16th stage, Claude Vincendeau was randomly selected to undergo a doping test. Vincendeau abandoned during that stage, and had already left to his hotel. One of the doctors then went to his hotel to obtain a urine sample, but Vincendeau was unable/unwanting to give it. This counted as a positive test.[12]

Classification leadership

There were several classifications in the 1981 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[13] The time bonus for stage winners had been absent in the years before, but it returned in 1981;[7] 30, 20 and 10 seconds for the first three cyclists in every stage.[14]

Additionally, there was a points classification, were cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[13]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[13]

Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only cyclists younger than 24 were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[15]

The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1981, this classification had no associated jersey.[16]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified by yellow caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}}

Classification leadership by stage[17][18]
StageStage winnerGeneral classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Combination classificationIntermediate sprints classificationTeam classifications
By timeBy points
P Bernard HinaultBernard HinaultBernard Hinault no awardTheo de RooijBernard Hinault no award{{ct|REN|1981}}TIR|1981}}
1a Freddy MaertensRudy PevenageCharly BérardPhil AndersonRudy Pevenage{{ct|REN|1981}}
1bTIR|1981}}Gerrie KnetemannAd Wijnands{{ct|TIR|1981}}
2 Johan van der VeldeBernard HinaultMercier|1981}}
3 Freddy MaertensFreddy Maertens Phil Anderson{{ct|Capri Sonne|1981}}
4TIR|1981}} Daniel Willems
5 Lucien Van ImpePhil AndersonPhil Anderson Phil AndersonFreddy Maertens{{ct|REN|1981}}
6 Bernard HinaultBernard HinaultBernard Hinault{{ct|REN|1981}}
7 Urs Freuler
8 Ad WijnandsCapri Sonne|1981}}
9 René Martens{{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
10 Ad Wijnands
11 Daniel Willems
12a Freddy Maertens
12b Eddy Planckaert
13 Freddy Maertens
14 Bernard Hinault
15 Sean Kelly
16 Robert AlbanLucien Van Impe{{ct|Peugeot|1981}}
17 Peter WinnenPeter Winnen
18 Bernard Hinault
19 Daniel Willems
20 Bernard Hinault
21 Johan van der Velde
22 Freddy Maertens
FinalBernard HinaultFreddy Maertens{{font color|white|Lucien Van Impe|link=yesPeter Winnen Bernard Hinault Freddy MaertensPeugeot|1981Peugeot|1981

Final standings

Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[7]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1981}}96h 19' 38"
2Lucien Van Impe|BEL}}Boston|1981}}+ 14' 34"
3Robert Alban|FRA}}La Redoute|1981}}+ 17' 04"
4Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}TIR|1981}}+ 18' 21"
5Peter Winnen|NED}}Capri Sonne|1981}}+ 20' 26"
6Jean-René Bernaudeau|FRA}}Peugeot|1981}}+ 23' 02"
7Johan De Muynck|BEL}}Splendor|1981}}+ 24' 25"
8Sven-Åke Nilsson|SWE}}Splendor|1981}}+ 24' 37"
9Claude Criquielion|BEL}}Splendor|1981}}+ 26' 18"
10Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1981}}+ 27' 00"
{{columns-start}}

Points classification

Final points classification (1–8)[7][31]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Freddy Maertens|BEL}}Boule d'Or|1981b}}428
2William Tackaert|BEL}}DAF|1981}}222
3Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1981}}184
4Alfons De Wolf|BEL}}Vermeer Thijs|1981}}152
5Rudy Pevenage|BEL}}Capri Sonne|1981}}147
6Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1981}}146
7Sean Kelly|IRE}}Splendor|1981}}121
8Johan van der Velde|NED}}TIR|1981}}120
{{column}}

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–7)[7][31][19]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Lucien Van Impe|BEL}}Boston|1981}}284
2Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1981}}222
3Jean-René Bernaudeau|FRA}}Peugeot|1981}}168
4Robert Alban|FRA}}La Redoute|1981}}134
5Sven-Åke Nilsson|SWE}}Splendor|1981}}95
6Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1981}}79
7Peter Winnen|NED}}Capri Sonne|1981}}70
{{columns-end}}{{columns-start}}

Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–5)[20]
RankRiderTeam
1Peter Winnen|NED}}Capri Sonne|1981}}
2Claude Criquielion|BEL}}Splendor|1981}}
3Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1981}}
4Jean-François Rodriguez|FRA}}Renault|1981}}
5Graham Jones|GBR}}Peugeot|1981}}
{{column}}

Intermediate sprints classification

Final intermediate sprints classification (1–5)[19]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Freddy Maertens|BEL}}Boule d'Or|1981b}}131
2William Tackaert|BEL}}DAF|1981}}106
3Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1981}}61
4Yvon Bertin|FRA}}Renault|1981}}51
5Pierre Bazzo|FRA}}La Redoute|1981}}45
{{columns-end}}

Team classification

Final team classification (1–10)[20][19]
RankTeamTime
1Peugeot|1981}}399h 30' 24"
2Renault|1981}}+ 11' 20"
3Capri Sonne|1981}}+ 26' 46"
4La Redoute|1981}}+ 42' 49"
5SEM|1981}}+ 45' 53"
6Splendor|1981}}+ 52' 17"
7TIR|1981}}+ 1h 55' 35"
8Mercier|1981}}+ 2h 15' 53"
9DAF|1981}}+ 2h 23' 29"
10Wolber–Spidel|1981}}+ 2h 29' 20"

Aftermath

The 1981 Tour de France is seen as the year in which the globalization of the Tour became important. Before that most cyclists came from France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Luxemburg and the Netherlands, with only occasional successes by other European cyclists. Anderson was the first non-European cyclist to lead the Tour de France, and more would follow in the coming years.[21] The plans to make the Tour de France open to amateurs were not forgotten, and it happened in 1983.[22]

Anderson would again wear the yellow jersey in the next year, when he also won the young rider classification.

Hinault won five stages as reigning world champion. This had happened before, most recently in 1979 with Gerrie Knetemann and in 1980 with Jan Raas, but after 1981 it became a rare occurrence. The next time that this happened was in 2002 with Óscar Freire, and after that in 2011 with Thor Hushovd.[23]

Maertens who also won five stages would make his comeback year complete by winning the 1981 UCI Road World Championships later that year, but after that never reached his 1981 level again.

Jacques Boyer became the first American to ride in the Tour de France, acting as a domestique for Hinault.[24]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19801128-AE0023006&vw=org|title=Profwereld wijst 'open' rondes af|date=28 November 1980|publisher=De Krant van Toen|work=Nieuwsblad van het Noorden|language=Dutch| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.delpher.nl/nl/view/index?image=ddd%3A010570858%3Ampeg21%3Aa0328|title=Amerikanen willen in Tour|date=22 January 1981|language=Dutch|work=Limburgs Dagblad|accessdate=22 March 2014}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ddd:010960866:mpeg21:a0274|title=Vijftien ploegen in Tour|date=11 June 1981|language=Dutch|work=Limburgs Dagblad|page=19|accessdate=22 March 2014}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1981.html|title=The Badger's return to Form|first=Barry|last=Boyce|publisher=Cycling Revealed|year=2010| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010640322%3Ampeg21%3Ap009%3Aa0110|title=Felix Levitan: niet blij met bemoeizucht UCI Meer tumult in de Ronde van Frankrijk|work=Amigoe|date=23 December 1980|page=9|language=Dutch|publisher=Koninklijke Bibliotheek|accessdate=29 December 2013}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A011204976%3Ampeg21%3Ap037%3Aa0860|title=Bergetappe minder in de Tour|publisher=De Telegraaf|date=4 April 1981|page=37|language=Dutch|accessdate=29 December 2013}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1981.php|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=68ème Tour de France 1981|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813124117/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1981.php|archive-date=2012-08-13|access-date=26 September 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1981|title=Tour de France GC top ten|first=Arian|last=Zwegers|website=CVCCBike.com|accessdate=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hQnRPAvL?url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html|archive-date=10 June 2009|deadurl=no}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1981/06/27/pagina-28/1058617/pdf.html#&mode=fullScreen|title="Tour-81" Clasificaciones|language=Spanish|trans-title=Tour 81 Classifications|work=El Mundo Deportivo|page=28|date=27 June 1981|accessdate=19 September 2016}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC&pg=PA129|pages=129–133|title=The story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007|first=Bill|last=McGann|author2=McGann, Carol|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|year= 2008|isbn= 1-59858-608-4| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/tour-de-france-remembering-phil-andersons-day-in-yellow|title=Tour de France: Remembering Phil Anderson's day in yellow|first=Jane|last=Aubrey|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|work=Cyclingnews|date=6 July 2011| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010570335%3Ampeg21%3Ap023%3Aa0274|title=Vincendeau positief|language=Dutch|work=Limburgsch dagblad|publisher=Koninklijke Bibliotheek|date=15 July 1981|accessdate=15 December 2013}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |title=Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success |first=Sarah |last=Christian |date=2 July 2009 |accessdate=27 April 2012 |publisher=RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209134934/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |archivedate=9 February 2013 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://kranten.kb.nl/view/article/id/ddd%3A010960876%3Ampeg21%3Ap013%3Aa0209|title=Drie aankomsten op bergen van de eerste categorie|language=Dutch|publisher=Koninklijke Bibliotheek|work=Het vrije volk|date=23 June 1981|page=13|accessdate=29 December 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teamsky.com/article/0,27290,21579_6999124,00.html|title=TDF guides: White jersey|publisher=BSkyB|work=TeamSky.com|date=22 June 2011|accessdate=27 April 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm|title=Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification|first=Eddy van der|last=Mark|accessdate=27 April 2012|publisher=Chippewa Valley Cycling Club}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19810720&id=GVA-19810720-01023008|title=Dag na dag|trans-title=Day to day|language=Dutch|work=Gazet van Antwerpen|date=20 July 1981|page=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214183844/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19810720&id=GVA-19810720-01023008|archive-date=14 February 2019|dead-url=no}}
18. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1981|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1981|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1981|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302051042/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1981|archivedate=2 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=2 March 2019|dead-url=no}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1981/07/20/pagina-22/1075603/pdf.html|title=Clasificaciones|date=20 July 1981|page=22|language=Spanish|work=El Mundo Deportivo|accessdate=10 February 2012}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://leiden.courant.nu/index.php?page=0&mod=krantresultaat&q=jongerenklassement&datering=1981&qt=paragraaf&pagina=&sort=datum%20desc,krant%20desc,pagina%20desc|title=Laatste Tour in cijfers|date=20 July 1981|accessdate=10 February 2012|language=Dutch|publisher=Regionaal archief Leiden|work=Leidsch dagblad|page=10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
21. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54pAJY6Ix8YC&pg=PA219 |page=219|first=Hugh|last=Dauncey|author2=Hare, Geoff|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-7146-5362-4|title=The Tour de France, 1903-2003: a century of sporting structures, meanings, and values| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1983.php|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=70ème Tour de France 1983|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322021631/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1983.php|archive-date=2012-03-22|access-date=26 September 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/07/news/inside-the-tour-with-john-wilcockson-hushovd-joins-an-elite-band-of-world-champion-stage-winners_184271|title=Inside the Tour with John Wilcockson: Hushovd joins an elite band of world champion stage winners|publisher=Competitor Group|work=Velonews|date=15 July 2011|first=John|last=Wilcockson| accessdate= 17 September 2011 }}
24. ^Eric Reed, Selling the Yellow Jersey: The Tour de France in the Global Era(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015), 178.

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=French|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=Tour de France|location=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|dead-url=no|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Nauright|first1=John|last2=Parrish|first2=Charles|title=Sports around the world: History, culture, and practice|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2|ref=harv}}

External links

{{commons category-inline|Tour de France 1981|1981 Tour de France}}{{Cycling stage recaps|1981 Tour de France|P|11|12a|22}}{{Tour de France}}{{DEFAULTSORT:1981 Tour de France}}

6 : 1981 Tour de France|1981 in road cycling|Tour de France by year|1981 in French sport|June 1981 sports events in Europe|July 1981 sports events in Europe
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