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词条 1982 Tour de France
释义

  1. Teams

  2. Pre-race favourites

  3. Route and stages

  4. Race overview

  5. Classification leadership

  6. Final standings

     General classification  Points classification  Mountains classification  Young rider classification  Intermediate sprints classification  Team classification 

  7. Aftermath

  8. References

  9. Bibliography

  10. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox cycling race report
| name = 1982 Tour de France
| image = Route of the 1982 Tour de France.png
| image_caption = Route of the 1982 Tour de France
| image_size = 360 px
| series =
| race_no =
| series_no =
| date = 2–25 July
| stages = 21 + Prologue, including one split stage
| distance = 3507
| unit = km
| time = 92h 08' 46"
| first = Bernard Hinault
| first_nat = FRA
| first_natvar =
| first_team = {{ct|Renault|1982}}
| first_color = yellow
| second = Joop Zoetemelk
| second_nat = NED
| second_natvar =
| second_team = {{ct|Mercier|1982}}
| third = Johan van der Velde
| third_nat = NED
| third_natvar =
| third_team = {{ct|TIR|1982}}
| points = Sean Kelly
| points_nat = IRE
| points_natvar =
| points_team = {{ct|SEM|1982}}
| points_color = green
| mountains = Bernard Vallet
| mountains_nat = FRA
| mountains_natvar =
| mountains_team = {{ct|La Redoute|1982}}
| mountains_color = polkadot
| sprints = Sean Kelly
| sprints_nat = IRE
| sprints_team = {{ct|SEM|1982}}
| youth = Phil Anderson
| youth_nat = AUS
| youth_natvar =
| youth_team = {{ct|Peugeot|1982}}
| youth_color = white
| combination = Bernard Hinault
| combination_nat = FRA
| combination_natvar =
| combination_team = {{ct|Renault|1982}}
| team = {{ct|Mercier|1982}}
| teampoints = {{ct|TIR|1982}}
| combativity = Régis Clère
| combativity_nat = FRA
| combativity_team = {{ct|Mercier|1982}}
| previous = 1981
| next = 1983
}}

The 1982 Tour de France was the 69th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 2 to 25 July. The total race distance was 22 stages over {{convert|3507|km|0|abbr=on}}. It was won by Bernard Hinault, his fourth victory so far.

Teams

{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1982 Tour de France}}

In response to the finish of the 1981 Tour de France, French minister of sports Edwige Avice objected to the amount of advertising in the race, and suggested the Tour to return to the national team format. The Tour organisation needed the money brought in by the sponsors, and no changes were made to the team structure.[1]

The Tour organisation decided to start with 17 teams, each with 10 cyclists, for a total of 170, a new record. Tour director Félix Lévitan suggested to reduce the number of cyclists by starting with teams of 9 cyclists, but this was rejected.[2] Teams could submit a request to join until 15 May 1982. To promote cycling in the United States of America, the American national cycling team would automatically be accepted,[2] but the American team made no request.

The teams entering the race were:[4]

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • {{ct|Renault|1982}}
  • {{ct|La Redoute|1982}}
  • {{ct|TIR|1982}}
  • {{ct|Capri Sonne|1982}}
  • {{ct|Peugeot|1982}}
  • {{ct|Splendor|1982}}
  • {{ct|Vermeer Thijs|1982}}
  • {{ct|SEM|1982}}
  • {{ct|Boule d'Or|1982b}}
  • {{ct|DAF|1982}}
  • {{ct|Mercier|1982}}
  • {{ct|Teka|1982}}
  • {{ct|Wolber–Spidel|1982}}
  • {{ct|Eorotex|1982}}
  • {{ct|CAR|1982}}
  • {{ct|Cilo|1982}}
  • {{ct|MAL|1982}}
{{div col end}}

Pre-race favourites

Hinault, who had won the Tour in 1978, 1979 and 1981, and left the 1980 Tour in leading position, was the clear favourite for the victory. In those other years, Hinault had won several races before the Tour, but in 1982 he had only won one major race, the 1982 Giro d'Italia. Hinault tried to be the fourth cyclist, after Fausto Coppi, Jacques Anquetil and Eddy Merckx, to win the Giro-Tour double.[3]

Notable absent was Lucien Van Impe, who was second in the 1981 Tour de France, winning the mountains classification. Since the 1969 Tour de France, Van Impe had started each edition, winning the general classification in the 1976 Tour and the mountains classification five times. Van Impe wanted to join, but his team Metauro was not invited, as the organisation considered it not strong enough to ride both the Giro and the Tour. Van Impe tried to find a team to hire him only for the 1982 Tour, but was not successful.[3]

Even though Joop Zoetemelk was 35 years old and no longer considered a favorite, he still managed to finish in second place, for the sixth time and final time.

Route and stages

The 1982 Tour de France started on 2 July, and had two rest days, in Lille and Martigues.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=73}}

[4]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|p=73}}[5]
StageDateCourseDistanceTypeWinner
P2 July Basel (Switzerland){{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
13 July Basel (Switzerland) to Möhlin (Switzerland){{convert|207|km|abbr=on}} Hilly stage Ludo Peeters|BEL}}
24 July Basel (Switzerland) to Nancy{{convert|250|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Phil Anderson|AUS}}
35 July Nancy to Longwy{{convert|134|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Daniel Willems|BEL}}
46 July Beauraing (Belgium) to Mouscron (Belgium){{convert|219|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Gerrie Knetemann|NED}}
57 July Orchies to Fontaine-au-Pire{{convert|73|km|abbr=on}} Team time trial Cancelled and replaced by stage 9a
68 July Lille{{convert|233|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jan Raas|NED}}
9 JulyLilleRest day
710 July Cancale to Concarneau{{convert|235|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Pol Verschuere|BEL}}
811 July Concarneau to Châteaulin{{convert|201|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Frank Hoste|BEL}}
9a12 July Lorient to Plumelec{{convert|69|km|abbr=on}} Team time trial {{ct|TIR|1982}}}}
9b Plumelec to Nantes{{convert|138|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Stefan Mutter|SUI}}
1013 July Saintes to Bordeaux{{convert|147|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Pierre-Raymond Villemiane|FRA}}
1114 July Valence d'Agen{{convert|57|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Gerrie Knetemann|NED}}
1215 July Fleurance to Pau{{convert|249|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Sean Kelly|IRE}}
1316 July Pau to Saint-Lary-Soulan Pla d'Adet{{convert|122|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Beat Breu|SUI}}
17 JulyMartiguesRest day
1418 July Martigues{{convert|33|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
1519 July Manosque to Orcières-Merlette{{convert|208|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Pascal Simon|FRA}}
1620 July Orcières-Merlette to Alpe d'Huez{{convert|123|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Beat Breu|SUI}}
1721 July Le Bourg-d'Oisans to Morzine{{convert|251|km|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Peter Winnen|NED}}
1822 July Morzine to Saint-Priest{{convert|233|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Adrie van Houwelingen|NED}}
1923 July Saint-Priest{{convert|48|km|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
2024 July Sens to Aulnay-sous-Bois{{convert|161|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Daniel Willems|BEL}}
2125 July Fontenay-sous-Bois to Paris (Champs-Élysées){{convert|187|km|abbr=on}} Plain stage Bernard Hinault|FRA}}
Total{{convert|3507|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=110}}

Race overview

{{main|1982 Tour de France, Prologue to Stage 10|1982 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21}}

After Bernard Hinault, the winner of the previous Tour and main favourite, won the prologue, seven seconds ahead of Gerrie Knetemann,[6] Belgian Ludo Peeters took the lead in the first stage, by finishing 38 seconds ahead of the peloton.[7] On the second stage however, Phil Anderson took the lead. Anderson had worn the yellow jersey in the previous year also, the first time in history that the yellow jersey was in non-European hands, but this year he would keep it longer.

In the fifth stage, a team time trial was scheduled. Employees of the Usinor steel factory in Denain were blocking the road, and the race had to be canceled, while some teams were already racing. The tour organisers quickly decided to replace it by an extra stage, in the morning before stage nine.[3]

In the eighth stage, Régis Clère had escaped, and created a margin of almost thirteen minutes. The stage ended on a circuit of 6 km, where 15 laps were planned. Clère was unable to lap the rest of the field because of a flat tire, and was caught by the rest.[3] Phil Anderson remained the leader until the individual time trial in stage eleven. Then, as expected, Bernard Hinault took the lead, even though Gerrie Knetemann beat him in the time trial.[3]

Then the race got to the Pyrenées. Hinault kept his rivals in sight, and allowed other cyclists to escape. Then, in stage 14, Hinault won the time trial, and had created a margin of more than five minutes.

In the alps, Hinault used the same tactics, and lost no time to his rivals. In stage sixteen, protesting farmers delayed the start of the race, but this time the race could continue, after the farmers allowed the riders to start.[1] Then, in the time trial in stage 19, Hinault won again.

Hinault was accused of riding a boring race. He responded by winning the final stage in Paris.[8]

Classification leadership

There were several classifications in the 1982 Tour de France, four of them awarding jerseys to their leaders. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[9]

Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[9]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[9]

Another classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only cyclists under 24 were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[10]

The fifth individual classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. In 1982, this classification had no associated jersey.[11]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified by yellow caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}} There was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.{{sfn|Nauright|Parrish|2012|p=455}}

In the 1981 Tour de France, Urs Freuler, Eddy Planckaert and Walter Planckaert had left the race before the Alps. The Tour organisers did not want this to happen again, so in 1982, cyclists were not allowed to leave the Tour without a good reason. A cyclist that left the Tour unauthorized would lose all the prize money that he won so far, receive a fine, and would not be allowed to join the next year.[2]

Classification leadership by stage[12][13]
StageStage winnerGeneral classification
Points classification
Mountains classification
Young rider classification
Combination classificationIntermediate sprints classificationTeam classifications
By timeBy points
P Bernard HinaultBernard HinaultBernard HinaultJan RaasPhil Anderson Gerrie Knetemann no awardMercier|1982}}Mercier|1982}}
1 Ludo PeetersLudo PeetersLudo PeetersBernard Vallet Ludo Peeters Serge Demierre{{ct|TIR|1982}}{{ct|TIR|1982}}
2 Phil AndersonPhil AndersonSean KellyPhil AndersonSean Kelly
3 Daniel Willems
4 Gerrie Knetemann
5—
6 Jan Raas
7 Pol Verschuere
8 Frank Hoste
9aTIR|1982}}
9b Stefan Mutter
10 Pierre-Raymond Villemiane
11 Gerrie KnetemannBernard Hinault
12 Sean Kelly
13 Beat Breu
14 Bernard Hinault
15 Pascal Simon Bernard Vallet{{ct|Mercier|1982}}
16 Beat BreuBernard Hinault
17 Peter Winnen
18 Adrie van Houwelingen
19 Bernard Hinault
20 Daniel Willems
21 Bernard Hinault
FinalBernard HinaultSean Kelly{{font color|white|Bernard Vallet|link=yesPhil Anderson Bernard Hinault Sean KellyMercier|1982TIR|1982

Final standings

Legend
Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification
Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[4]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1982}}92h 08' 46"
2Joop Zoetemelk|NED}}Mercier|1982}}+ 6' 21"
3Johan van der Velde|NED}}TIR|1982}}+ 8' 59"
4Peter Winnen|NED}}Capri Sonne|1982}}+ 9' 24"
5Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1982}}+ 12' 16"
6Beat Breu|SUI}}Cilo|1982}}+ 13' 21"
7Daniel Willems|BEL}}Boule d'Or|1982b}}+ 15' 33"
8Raymond Martin|FRA}}Mercier|1982}}+ 15' 35"
9Hennie Kuiper|NED}}DAF|1982}}+ 17' 01"
10Alberto Fernández|ESP}}Teka|1982}}+ 17' 19"
{{columns-start}}

Points classification

Final points classification (1–9)[4][26]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Sean Kelly|IRE}}SEM|1982}}429
2Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1982}}152
3Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1982}}149
4Daniel Willems|BEL}}Boule d'Or|1982b}}143
5Stefan Mutter|SUI}}Eorotex|1982}}127
6Pierre-Raymond Villemiane|FRA}}Wolber–Spidel|1982}}123
7Adrie van Houwelingen|NED}}Vermeer Thijs|1982}}103
8Johan van der Velde|NED}}TIR|1982}}97
9Leo van Vliet|NED}}TIR|1982}}80
{{column}}

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–6)[4][26]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Bernard Vallet|FRA}}La Redoute|1982}}278
2Jean-René Bernaudeau|FRA}}Peugeot|1982}}237
3Beat Breu|SUI}}Cilo|1982}}205
4Bernard Hinault|FRA}}Renault|1982}}141
5Peter Winnen|NED}}Capri Sonne|1982}}113
6Pascal Simon|FRA}}Peugeot|1982}}112
{{columns-end}}{{columns-start}}

Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–4)[14]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1982}}92h +12' 02"
2Kim Andersen|DEN}}Mercier|1982}}+ 19' 41"
3Marc Madiot|FRA}}Renault|1982}}+ 37' 12"
4Gerard Veldscholten|NED}}TIR|1982}}+ 39' 14"
{{column}}

Intermediate sprints classification

Final intermediate sprints classification (1–3)[15]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Sean Kelly|IRE}}SEM|1982}}187
2Phil Anderson|AUS}}Peugeot|1982}}87
3Daniel Willems|BEL}}Boule d'Or|1982b}}80
{{columns-end}}

Team classification

Final team classification (1–6)
RankTeamTime
1Mercier|1982}}377h 25' 33"
2Renault|1982}}+ 14' 01"
3Peugeot|1982}}+ 26' 46"
4TIR|1982}}+ 55' 33"
5La Redoute|1982}}+ 1h 15' 21"
6Capri Sonne|1982}}+ 1h 43' 41"

Aftermath

Hinault's victory in 1982 is considered as the most effortless Tour victory in his career.[4][3]

During the 1982 Tour de France, the Tour organisation was impressed by the global audience that the 1982 FIFA World Cup reached, and they made plans to develop the Tour into a World Cup format, run every four years, where teams from all over the earth would compete against each other. The main part of the race would be in France, but more other countries would be visited; it was discussed to start the Tour in New York.

The 1983 Tour de France was still run in the familiar format in France, but it was open to amateur teams, although only one Colombian accepted the invitation.[16]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1982.html|title=Hinault joins an elite group|first=Barry|last=Boyce|year=2010|accessdate=8 October 2011|publisher=Cycling Revealed}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/vw/article.do?id=NVHN-19820113-AE0035006&vw=org|title=Record aantal deelnemers in Tour de France|date=13 January 1982|publisher=De Krant van Toen|work=Nieuwsblad van het Noorden|page=35|language=Dutch| accessdate= 7 October 2011 }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8mlwItBhhcC&pg=PA133|pages=133–138|title=The story of the Tour de France: 1965-2007|first=Bill|last=McGann|author2=McGann, Carol|publisher=Dog Ear Publishing|year= 2008|isbn= 1-59858-608-4| accessdate= 7 October 2011 }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1982.php|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=69ème Tour de France 1982|language=French|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813124100/http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1978_2005/tdf1982.php|archive-date=2012-08-13|access-date=26 September 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1982|title=Tour de France GC top ten|first=Arian|last=Zwegers|website=CVCCBike.com|accessdate=15 August 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5hQnRPAvL?url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html|archive-date=10 June 2009|deadurl=no}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ritfiche.php?ritid=99877&wedstrijdvoorloopid=4464|title=Tour de France 1982 prologue|publisher=cyclingwebsite.net|accessdate=2008-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011044826/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ritfiche.php?ritid=99877&wedstrijdvoorloopid=4464|archive-date=11 October 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ritfiche.php?ritid=99878&wedstrijdvoorloopid=4464|title=Tour de France 1982 1st stage|publisher=cyclingwebsite.net|accessdate=2008-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011044833/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ritfiche.php?ritid=99878&wedstrijdvoorloopid=4464|archive-date=11 October 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/02/de-saaie-tour-van-1982.aspx|title=De saaie Tour van 1982|publisher=sportgeschiedenis.nl|language=Dutch|accessdate=2008-10-24|date=2 July 2007| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081030070217/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2007/07/02/de-saaie-tour-van-1982.aspx| archivedate= 30 October 2008|page=}}
9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |title=Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success |first=Sarah |last=Christian |date=2 July 2009 |accessdate=27 April 2012 |publisher=RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209134934/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TourdeFrance/tour-de-france-demystified-part-1.html |archivedate=9 February 2013 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.teamsky.com/article/0,27290,21579_6999124,00.html|title=TDF guides: White jersey|publisher=BSkyB|work=TeamSky.com|date=22 June 2011}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/eddy/xtra_bestanden/combativity.htm|title=Tour Xtra: Intermediate Sprints Classification|first=Eddy van der|last=Mark|accessdate=27 April 2012|publisher=Chippewa Valley Cycling Club}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19820726&id=GVA-19820726-01019012|title=Dag na dag|trans-title=Day to day|language=Dutch|work=Gazet van Antwerpen|date=26 July 1982|page=19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214184012/http://krantenarchief.concentra.be/vw/article.do?code=GVA&date=19820726&id=GVA-19820726-01019012|archive-date=14 February 2019|dead-url=no}}
13. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1982|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1982|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1982|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302051049/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1982|archivedate=2 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=2 March 2019|dead-url=no}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://leiden.courant.nu/index.php?page=1&mod=krantresultaat&q=tour+de+france&datering=26/7/1982&qt=paragraaf&pagina=&sort=score+desc¶graaf=13&doc=8&p=10¶graaf=8&y=491|title=Tour in cijfers|date=26 July 1982|accessdate=15 February 2012|language=Dutch|publisher=Regionaal archief Leiden|work=Leidsch dagblad|page=10}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://cyclingarchives.com/ritfiche.php?ritid=100093|title=Tour de France 1982|publisher=Cycling Archives|accessdate=28 April 2012}}
16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54pAJY6Ix8YC&pg=PA220|title=The Tour de France, 1903-2003: a century of sporting structures, meanings, and values|first=Hugh|last=Dauncey|author2=Hare, Geoff|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-7146-5362-4|page=220| accessdate= 7 October 2011 }}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=French|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=Tour de France|location=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|dead-url=no|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Nauright|first1=John|last2=Parrish|first2=Charles|title=Sports around the world: History, culture, and practice|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkLYDgTnMxEC|year=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-300-2|ref=harv}}

External links

{{commons category-inline|Tour de France 1982|1982 Tour de France}}{{Cycling stage recaps|1982 Tour de France|P|10|11|21}}{{Tour de France}}{{DEFAULTSORT:1982 Tour De France}}

5 : 1982 Tour de France|1982 in road cycling|Tour de France by year|1982 in French sport|July 1982 sports events in Europe
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