| 词条 | Gretta Vosper |
| 释义 |
| name = Gretta Vosper | birth_name = Margaret Ann Vosper | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|7|6|df=yes}} | birth_place = Kingston, Ontario, Canada | occupation = Author, Minister, United Church of Canada, West Hill United Church; Governor; Centennial College; Director, Ecumenical Community of Chautauqua; Founder, Canadian Centre for Progressive Christianity; Director, The Clergy Project | language = English | nationality = Canadian | alma_mater = {{ubl|Mount Allison University|Queen's University}} | notableworks = {{ubl|Amen: What Prayer Can Mean in a World Beyond Belief (2012)|With or Without God (2008)}} | subject = Religion, Philosophy, Atheism | spouse = Richard Scott Kearns | website = {{official URL}} }} Margaret Ann Vosper (born 1958), known as Gretta Vosper, is an ordained minister of the United Church of Canada who is a self-professed atheist. Her beliefs have caused controversy both within and outside of the United Church. In 2016, following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris, her public statement that the belief in a supernatural God promoted hatred led the United Church of Canada to institute an official review of her suitability as a minister. In 2018 that process was discontinued when Vosper and the United Church reached an agreement that left her free to continue as a minister. Her published works include With or Without God: Why The Way We Live is More Important Than What We Believe[1] and Amen: What Prayer Can Mean in a World Beyond Belief. Early life and educationVosper was born on 6 July 1958{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} in Kingston, Ontario, the second of four children.[2] As a child, she attended the local United Church but claims that she never strongly believed in the existence of God,[3] although she says her parents sometimes overheard her talking to Jesus, and she once told them that Jesus helped her learn to skate.[3] Of her teen years, she said, "I was wild. I lied to my parents. I drove a car at 13; I drank underage."[3]. At age 17, she left high school a year early and enrolled at Mount Allison University to study literature, psychology and religion. After earning her bachelor's degree, she briefly considered studying for ministry, but instead moved to the Northwest Territory, where she met and married Bill Ferguson, and had a daughter Hazel. They moved to Winnipeg, and divorced in 1986.[2] As a single parent, she moved back to Kingston, where she enrolled in Queen's Theological College as a candidate for ministry, and changed her name to Gretta.[2] In 1990, she earned her Master of Divinity, and she married a fellow student, Michael Kooiman. Their son Izaak was born in 1991. MinistryVosper worked for two years as a junior minister at United Church in Kingston before she and Kooiman moved to Toronto in 1993 as team ministers at St. Matthew's United Church.[2] In 1997, Vosper became the minister of West Hill United Church[4] in Toronto. Over the next few years, she became increasingly aware that her views on God were changing, and she was becoming uncomfortable using traditional United Church liturgy. Her marriage to Kooiman ended as their theological views diverged.[2] In 2001, she told her congregation that she was a non-theist – although she believed in God as a concept, she no longer believed in God as a supernatural being who intervened in the affairs of humanity.[2] Although she expected to be fired, her congregation supported her, although regular attendance declined from 150 to 40, especially after the Lord's Prayer was removed from the liturgy in 2003.[3] During her "non-theist" phase, Vosper was supported by leaders of the United Church. In 2011, Mardi Tindal, at the time United Church moderator, told a Toronto newspaper, "I celebrate Gretta and others like her who cause us to think more deeply about the nature of our faith. What Gretta has done has ignited a fresh conversation and invigorated the discussion."[2] In 2004, Vosper married Scott Kearns, the music director at her church. AtheismIn 2013, Vosper's beliefs moved from non-theism to atheism after she read about the plight of Pakistani bloggers who faced imprisonment and execution as blasphemers for questioning the existence of God.[2] Although many inside and outside the wider church questioned how an avowed atheist could still be a minister, the United Church leadership still abstained from taking action. In 2015, following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris, the United Church published a prayer for those who had been killed. In response, Vosper wrote an open letter to Gary Paterson, then moderator of the United Church, arguing that the use of religious language in the prayer, namely the belief in a supernatural God, only reinforced the beliefs that had motivated the killings.[2] The United Church's Toronto Conference reacted in September 2016 by instituting a review of her ministry, stating that her atheism made her "not suitable to continue in ordained ministry".[5] The matter was then referred to the church's General Council, initiating an ecclesiastical court hearing that might have led to Vosper being defrocked.[6][7] Despite the controversy, much of her congregation remained staunchly supportive, and the publicity caused attendance to rise again.[8] In an interview on CBC's The National on 26 March 2016, Vosper said that, in her estimation, "it would be at least upwards of 50% of the clergy in the United Church who don't believe in a theistic, supernatural, God". A subsequent survey of 1,353 "United Church ministry personnel" by Richard Bott found that "a majority of the respondents (almost 95%) affirmed a belief in God, with a large number (almost 80%) affirming a belief in a supernatural, theistic God".[9] In November 2018, before the hearing could take place, Vosper and the United Church reached a settlement that allowed her to continue the work in her ministry, effectively ending the matter.{{r|Perkel}} Her lawyer, Julian Falconer, offered this comment: "Both parties took a long look at the cost-benefit at running a heresy trial and whether it was good for anyone (and) the results speak for themselves. They recognized there's a place for Gretta, and that there is no reason to separate the minister and the congregation."[10] The United Church issued a statement that the settlement with Vosper "doesn't alter in any way the belief of The United Church of Canada in God, a God most fully revealed to us as Christians in and through Jesus Christ".[11] Selected publications
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/exploringourmatrix/2008/06/review-of-gretta-vosper-with-or-without-god.html|title=Review of Gretta Vosper, With or Without God|publisher=patheos.com|accessdate=27 September 2015}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news | last =Dempsey | first =Amy | title =Meet the United Church Minister Who Came Out as an Atheist | newspaper =Toronto Star | date =21 February 2016| url =https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2016/02/21/meet-the-united-church-minister-who-came-out-as-an-atheist.html | access-date = 10 November 2018}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url =https://torontolife.com/city/life/gretta-vosper-united-church-minister/ | title =Q&A: Gretta Vosper, the United Church Minister Who Doesn't Believe in God | last =Johnston | first =Malcolm | date =25 November 2015 | website =Toronto Life | access-date =10 November 2018}} 4. ^http://www.westhill.net/ 5. ^{{cite web |title=A Message from the Sub-Executive of Toronto Conference Regarding the Review of the Rev. Gretta Vosper |first=Susie |last=Henderson |date=22 September 2016 |publisher=Toronto Conference of the United Church of Canada |url=https://torontoconference.ca/2016/09/message-sub-executive-toronto-conference-regarding-review-rev-gretta-vosper/ |accessdate=11 October 2016}} 6. ^{{cite news |title=Can an Atheist Lead a Protestant Church? A Battle over Religion in Canada |first=Alan |last=Freeman |date=29 September 2016 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/29/can-an-atheist-lead-a-protestant-church-a-battle-over-religion-in-canada/ |access-date=11 October 2016}} 7. ^{{cite magazine |last=Garrison |first=Becky |date=4 October 2016 |title=Atheist Pastor Deemed Unsuitable for Ministry |url=http://thehumanist.com/news/religion/atheist-pastor-deemed-unsuitable-ministry |magazine=The Humanist |location=Washington |publisher=American Humanist Association |access-date=11 October 2016}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=Flock Sticks with Atheist United Church Minister |journal=Toronto Star |first=Moira |last=Wels |date=11 September 2016 |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2016/09/11/flock-sticks-with-atheist-united-church-minister.html}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Rev. Gretta Vosper's Atheistic Claims Don't Hold Up About Fellow Clergy |first=Douglas |last=Todd |journal=Vancouver Sun |date=19 September 2016 |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/rev-gretta-vospers-atheistic-claims-dont-hold-up-on-fellow-clergy |access-date=9 November 2018}} 10. ^{{cite news |last=Perkel |first=Colin |date=9 November 2018 |title=Atheist United Church Minister to Keep Her Job After Reaching Agreement Ahead of 'Heresy Trial' |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-atheist-united-church-minister-to-keep-her-job-after-reaching/ |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto |agency=Canadian Press |access-date=9 November 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web |last=Prestwich |first=Emma |date=6 November 2018 |title=Gretta Vosper Decision Released |url=https://www.ucobserver.org/faith/2018/11/gretta_vosper_decision/ |website=The United Church Observer |location=Toronto |access-date=9 November 2018}} External links
8 : 1958 births|Canadian atheists|Living people|Ministers of the United Church of Canada|Mount Allison University alumni|People from Kingston, Ontario|Queen's University alumni|Women Protestant religious leaders |
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