| 词条 | Grigory Petrovich Nikulin |
| 释义 |
|name = Grigory Petrovich Nikulin Григорий Петрович Никулин |image = Nikulin_Grigory.jpg |birth_date = {{birth date|1895|1|10|df=y}} |birth_place = Zvenigorodka, Kiev province, Russian Empire |death_date = {{death date and age|1965|9|22|1895|1|10|df=y}} |death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union}} Grigory Petrovich Nikulin (Russian: Григо́рий Петро́вич Нику́лин; 10 January 1895 [O.S. 27 December 1894] - 22 September 1965) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary best known for taking part in killing of Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, his family and four others on the night of 16 July 1918. Early lifeNikulin was born and raised in Zvenigorodka, Kiev province, Russian Empire. He came from a lower-class family. His father Pyotr Iossiffovich (Пётр Иосифович) was a bricklayer and mother Anna Ivanovna a housewife. At the age of 9 Grigory started attending parish school at Zvenigorod church, which he enjoyed immensely. Education was interrupted by his family's disastrous financial situation. After which he started working in a local blacksmith shop. In the spring of 1909 family sold their house in Zvenigorodka and moved to a nearby small town of Uman. At the age of 16 Grigory moved out of parent's house and became a bricklayer. He joined a local social democratic club in Uman in 1913. Soon he was deported from Kiev province and moved to Kazan. Joining BolsheviksJanuary 1915 he was drafted into army, but due to congenital diseases was only fit for wartime militia units and not for regular service. Early 1916 Grigory moved to Tavatui near Yekaterinburg and started working in construction site of dynamite plant (Таватуйский динамитный завод). Very soon after moving he was drawn to local Bolsheviks and met Mikhail Kabanov who helped him become a devoted follower of Lenin. By the end of 1916 he was organizing a strike at dynamite plant. In March 1917 Nikulin became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) i.e. Communist party. Party number – 128185. As a result of financing problems with French joint-stock company, plant activists decided to stop all work with the construction of this facility early 1918. Nikulin was sent to Yekaterinburg along with all the party members of factory. He met Goloschekin, a member of the Ural Regional Committee of the RSDLP and joined Ural Cheka on his recommendation. Starting his service in Cheka Nikulin soon became acquainted with Yakov Yurovsky who noticed Nikulin's modesty, ability to get along with different people, honesty and absolute sobriety. The two became friends and formed a special relationship for years where Yurovsky simply called him "son". Nikulin was appointed Assistant to the Commandant of the House of Special Purpose on the recommendation of Yurovsky. The Commandant was Yurovsky himself. Yekaterinburg ChekaHaving begun work in Cheka Grigory got some serious cases to work. One of the first was discrete surveillance of Alexander Ivanovich Andogsky, the head of Military Academy of Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Nikulin was introduced as a domestic worker to Andogsky after the Academy was evacuated from Petrograd to Yekaterinburg in March 1918. Later same year Andogsky joined the White forces, was dismissed from the Military Academy and eventually was appointed as General in Kolchak's Army. Nikulin was also in charge of soldiers selection for train convoy L-42, on 30 April 1918 where Tsar Nicholas II and part of his family were moved from Tyumen to Yekaterinburg. Killing of Prince DolgorukovExecution of Prince Vasily Alexandrovich Dolgorukov. Dolgorukov was a close friend of Nicholas II as well as his advisor, Marshal of the Imperial Court (1914–1917) and Commander of the Imperial Guard cavalry regiment. Deeply devoted to the Tsar he voluntarily accompanied the Imperial family to imprisonment in Tobolsk. After arriving to Yekaterinburg at the end of May he was separated from the family and arrested. Executed 10 July 1918 in cold blood by Nikulin, a week before the killing of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. Dolgorukov was taken to a field beyond city's Ivanovskoe Cemetery with Count Tatishchev and the two were shot in the head and thrown into a pit. Nikulin recalled the incident in his radio interview 1964: "Я вывез его в поле и проклял всё пока тащил чемоданы назад" (I took him out to the field and cursed everything while I was dragging his suitcases back). Dolgorukov was canonized later in 1981. Nikulin was also involved in death of Hermogenes, Bishop of Tobolsk and Siberia, who was drowned in Tura River by Bolsheviks. Killing of Nicholas II and familyGrigory Nikulin is known for his participating in killing of Tsar Nicholas II and his family. Nikulin was living in the House of Special Purpose ie Ipatiev House since his appointment as Assistant to the Commandant. He was also in charge of the house in absence of Yurovsky who lived in the "American Hotel". The Ural Regional Soviet agreed in a meeting on June 29 that the Romanov family should be executed. After getting the final approval from Central Executive Committee in Moscow Yurovsky organized a meeting in American Hotel. Participation in killing was voluntary and people who agreed to participate came to Yurovsky's room. It was agreed that to prevent unnecessary suffering executees were to be shot to the heart. On 17 July, right after midnight Yurovsky woke up Tsar, his family, doctor and servants, 11 persons altogether and guided them to an empty room at lower floor of the house. On demand of tsaritsa Alexandra Nikulin brought two chairs. One for her and one for Prince Alexei. Yurovsky announced the verdict: "Nikolai Alexandrovich, in view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you." Shooting started. It is controversial who actually shot the Tsar – Yurovsky, Medvedev, Ermakov, or all of them. Nikulin shot one bullet to Prince Alexei and left the room. Apparently Alexei didn't die from this shot. Yurovsky shot Alexei in the head killing him. Long after this event, in private conversation with son of Mikhail Medvedev, Nikulin said that he couldn't bear sick boy looking at him and stopped shooting. Afterwards Nikulin controlled carrying of corpses to truck waiting outside. He had all the jewels and valuables that had been sewn into clothes of royal family removed. On 20 July, just few days before arrival of the White Army, Nikulin left Yekaterinburg. He personally carried 6,000 carats of Tsar's diamonds to State Bank in Moscow. Interesting fact is that Nikulin was liked by Imperial family. He wasn't like others. He was well mannered and polite. From diary of Alexandra Feodorovna: "June 21st, Thursday. "..young assistant, who seems very nice person, compared to other ones that are vulgar and unpleasant.. Young man (Nikulin) enumerated jewelry items and did it thoroughly". From the diary of Nicholas II: "June 23th, Saturday. Yurovsky and his assistant (Nikulin) started to understand what sort of people was around, stealing from us and guarded us from them". After YekaterinburgAfter completing the assignment in Yekaterinburg, Nikulin joined the Red Army. He had several duties at 3rd Army of the Eastern front. He even took part in battles. Early 1919 he started working for political department of the division (politotdel) but contracted typhus and was taken to Moscow. There he met again Yurovsky, who worked for Moscow City Council at the time and offered him a job as head of the Moscow apartment houses. They continued their warm friendship meeting each other on and off duty. Nikulin stayed in Moscow and worked in different jobs. First for City Council (MosSoviet). Later he was allocated to the position of Moscow prisons head. Four months after that the head of inspectorate department of Moscow police. He then worked as the head of Moscow Criminal Investigation Department from March 1920 to 1922. In 1922 he was awarded with the Order of the Red Banner. Later lifeBetween 1923 and 1938 Nikulin had several noteworthy positions. 1923–1924 Vice-head of Moscow Criminal Investigation Department. From 1925 member of MosGorIspolCom (Moscow Executive Committee). 1925 - 1930 The head of MosGubStrakh (Moscow Insurance State Company). 1930–1931 the head of MosGas (Moscow Gas trest). 1933–1935 he worked at MosSovet on a problem of building materials manufacturing. 1935–1938 the head of MosZhilOtdel (Moscow Housing Department). He was often visited by his comrades from House Ipatiev who had also taken part in Tsar's killing – Rodzinsky and Medvedev. In 1927 Nikulin and Yurovsky made an application to USSR Revolution Museum and handed them two revolvers which were used in killing of Imperial Family. Yurovsky died in 1938. Before dying he wrote a warm farewell letter to his dear friend Nikulin leaving him list of documents to be delivered to Revolution Museum. From 1938 to his retirement in 1960 Nikulin worked for Department of Water and Sewerage. He was awarded with four state orders, one of which was Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (1947). During his whole life Nikulin insisted on keeping low profile concerning the killing of imperial family. He even asked Medvedev not to mention his role in killing. One year before his death he was asked by high partie official to give an interview to radio. It resulted in 3 hour recording in which he talks about everything. "All was done consciously, without doubts. I did understand all responsibility. I welcomed the decision of Ural Regional Soviet.. And even more, if it is allowed to say, I considered it as an honor." Grigory Nikulin died on 22 September 1965. He was buried on the site of the "old Bolsheviks" at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. Right across Nikulin's grave is the grave of Boris Yeltsin, President of Russian Federation. Ipatiev house was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in 1977 while being leader of Sverdlovsk Executive Committee. Politburo had declared the house not to be of "sufficient historical significance". References
9 : Soviet executioners|Russian regicides|Executed monarchs|1918 deaths|Deaths by firearm in Russia|People of the Russian Revolution|People of the Russian Civil War|Russian executioners|1895 births |
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