| 词条 | 1988 Maldives coup d'état |
| 释义 |
|conflict=1988 Maldives coup d'état |partof = Sri Lankan Civil War and Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War |image=IAF IL-76 Hawaii.JPG |image_size = 300px |caption=An Indian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76 transport aircraft of the model used to transport Indian paratroopers to Male. |date=3 November 1988 |place=Maldives, Indian Ocean |casus=Armed Coup led by PLOTE sought to overthrow the government in Maldives. |result=Decisive Indian/Maldivian victory Government rule restored in Maldives |combatant1={{flagicon|India}} India {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldives |combatant2= People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maldivian rebels |commander1={{flagicon|IND}} R. Venkataraman {{flagicon|India}} Rajiv Gandhi {{flagicon|India}} Brigadier Farouk Bulsara {{flagicon|India}} Colonel Subhash Joshi {{flagicon|Maldives}} Maumoon Abdul Gayoom |commander2= Uma Maheswaran Wasanti {{KIA}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Abdullah Luthufi {{POW}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Sagaru Ahmed Nasir {{POW}} {{flagicon|Maldives}} Ahmed Ismail Manik Sikka {{POW}} |strength1=1,600 Indian paratroopers |strength2=80–100 gunmen |casualties1 = 19 Maldivians killed, out of which 8 were NSS (National Security Service) personnel, 4 hostages killed by the mercenaries, 39 Maldivians injured, of which 19 were NSS personnel Several mercenaries were killed and some were captured, 27 hostages were taken, 20 were retrieved, 4 killed and the other 3 unknown of. }} The 1988 Maldives coup d'état was the attempt by a group of Maldivians led by Abdullah Luthufi and assisted by armed mercenaries of a Tamil secessionist organisation from Sri Lanka, the People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam (PLOTE), to overthrow the government in the island republic of Maldives. The coup d'état failed due to the intervention of the Indian Army, whose military operations efforts were code-named Operation Cactus by the Indian Armed Forces. PreludeWhereas the 1980 and 1983 coup d'état attempts against Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's presidency were not considered serious, the third coup d'état attempt in November 1988 alarmed the international community{{Who|date=August 2011}}. About 80 armed PLOTE mercenaries[1] landed in the capital Malé before dawn aboard speedboats from a freighter. Disguised as visitors, a similar number had already infiltrated Malé earlier. The mercenaries quickly gained control of the capital, including the major government buildings, airport, port and television and radio stations. However, they failed to capture President Gayoom, who fled from house to house and asked for military intervention from India, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Indian prime minister Rajiv Gandhi immediately dispatched 1,600 troops by air to restore order in Malé.[2] Operation CactusAccording to Rejaul Karim Laskar, a scholar of Indian foreign policy, India's intervention in the attempted coup became necessary as in the absence of Indian intervention, external powers would have been tempted to intervene or even to establish bases in Maldives which being in India’s backyard would have been detrimental to India’s national interest.[3] India, therefore, intervened with “Operation Cactus”. The operation started on the night of 3 November 1988, when Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft of the Indian Air Force airlifted the elements of the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade, commanded by Brig Farukh Bulsara, the 6th Battalion of the Parachute Regiment, and, the 17th Parachute Field Regiment from Agra Air Force Station and flew them non-stop over 2,000 kilometres (1,240 mi) to land them over the Malé International Airport on Hulhule Island. The Indian Army paratroopers arrived on Hulhule in nine hours after the appeal from President Gayoom.[2][4] The Indian paratroopers immediately secured the airfield, crossed over to Male using commandeered boats and rescued President Gayoom. The paratroopers restored control of the capital to President Gayoom's government within hours. Some of the mercenaries fled toward Sri Lanka in a hijacked freighter. Those unable to reach the ship in time were quickly rounded up and handed over to the Maldives government. Nineteen people reportedly died in the fighting, most of them mercenaries. The dead included two hostages killed by the mercenaries. The Indian Navy frigates Godavari and Betwa intercepted the freighter off the Sri Lankan coast, and captured the mercenaries. Swift operation by the military and precise intelligence information successfully quelled the attempted coup d'état in the island nation.[6] ReactionIndia received international praise for the operation. United States President Ronald Reagan expressed his appreciation for India's action, calling it "a valuable contribution to regional stability". British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reportedly commented, ‘"Thank God for India: President Gayoom's government has been saved". But the intervention nevertheless caused some disquiet among India's neighbours in South Asia.[5] AftermathIn July 1989, India repatriated the mercenaries captured on board the hijacked freighter to Maldives to stand trial. President Gayoom commuted the death sentences passed against them to life imprisonment under Indian pressure.[6] The 1988 coup d'état had been headed by a once prominent Maldivian businessperson named Abdullah Luthufi, who was operating a farm on Sri Lanka. Former Maldivian President Ibrahim Nasir was accused, but denied any involvement in the coup d'état. In fact, in July 1990, President Gayoom officially pardoned Nasir in absentia in recognition of his role in obtaining Maldives' independence.[7] The operation also strengthened Indo-Maldivian relations as a result of the successful restoration of the Gayoom government. Published accountsDocumentariesOperation Cactus : How India Averted Maldives Crisis in 1988 (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on Veer by Discovery Channel series, Battle Ops.[8]See also
References1. ^Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002135900/http://www.ipcs.org/ipcs/databaseIndex2.jsp?database=1001&country2=Maldives |date=2 October 2006 }} {{Maldives topics}}{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}{{Sri Lankan Civil War graphical timeline}}{{Military of India}}{{Maldives security forces}}{{DEFAULTSORT:1988 Maldives Coup D'etat}}2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html |title=Operation Cactus |author=Chordia, AK |date=n.d. |work= |publisher=Bharat-Rakshak.com |accessdate=26 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921164330/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1990s/Cactus.html |archivedate=21 September 2009 |df=dmy }} 3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi’s Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|accessdate=8 March 2018}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K81vPRQf1A8C&pg=PA5311|accessdate=27 April 2012|date=1 July 2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications|isbn=978-81-7755-257-7|pages=5310–11}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=David Brewster|url= http://pragati.nationalinterest.in/2014/04/operation-cactus-indias-1988-intervention-in-the-maldives/|title= Operation Cactus: India’s 1988 Intervention in the Maldives. Retrieved 14 August 2014}} 6. ^Madagascar Security Concerns – Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System 7. ^1 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011095022/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1988Cactus/ |date=11 October 2010 }} 8. ^{{cite news|title=This R-Day, get ready for Discovery channel's 'Battle Ops'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/discovery-channels-new-series-battle-ops-on-indias-iconic-military-operations/article22520490.ece|accessdate=22 April 2018|publisher=The Hindu|date=25 January 2018}} 11 : Conflicts in 1988|Wars involving India|History of the Indian Air Force|1980s coups d'état and coup attempts|1988 in India|Attempted coups|Wars involving the Maldives|India–Maldives relations|Operations involving Indian special forces|Aerial operations and battles involving India|November 1988 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。