“Gummy smile”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Treatment option include orthodontics,^[4] surgery,^[5] botulinum toxin A injections,^[6] and micro-autologous fat transplantation (MAFT).^[7]

Botox (BTX-A) has been successful in the treatment of gummy smiles, however the results are not permanent, they last for an average of 6 months.^[8] The material is injected into the hyperactive muscles of upper lip, which causes a reduction in the upward movement of lip thus resulting in a smile with a less exposure of gingiva.^[9] Botox is usually injected in the three lip elevator muscles that converge on the lateral side of the ala of the nose; the levator labii superioris (LLS), the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle (LLSAN), and the zygomaticus minor (ZMi).^[10]

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Monaco A, Streni O, Marci MC, Marzo G, Gatto R, Giannoni M | title = Gummy smile: clinical parameters useful for diagnosis and therapeutical approach | journal = The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry | volume = 29 | issue = 1 | pages = 19–25 | date = 2004 | pmid = 15554398 | doi = }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandrasekharan D, Balaji SM | title = Intrusion of anterior teeth to improve smile esthetics | journal = Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–9 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 23139562 | pmc = 3453683 | doi = 10.1007/s12663-010-0009-8 }}
3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine RA, McGuire M | title = The diagnosis and treatment of the gummy smile | journal = Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995) | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 757–62, 764; quiz 766 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9533335 | doi = }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandrasekharan D, Balaji SM | title = Intrusion of anterior teeth to improve smile esthetics | journal = Journal of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–9 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 23139562 | doi = 10.1007/s12663-010-0009-8 | pmc = 3453683 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Faus-Matoses V, Faus-Matoses I, Jorques-Zafrilla A, Faus-Llácer VJ | title = Lip repositioning technique. A simple surgical procedure to improve the smile harmony | journal = Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = e408-e412 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 29750105 | pmc = 5937970 | doi = 10.4317/jced.54721 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sucupira E, Abramovitz A | title = A simplified method for smile enhancement: botulinum toxin injection for gummy smile | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 130 | issue = 3 | pages = 726–8 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22929256 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31825dc32f }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang SH, Huang YH, Lin YN, Lee SS, Chou CK, Lin TY, Takahashi H, Kuo YR, Lai CS, Lin SD, Lin TM | title = Micro-Autologous Fat Transplantation for Treating a Gummy Smile | journal = Aesthetic Surgery Journal | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29566216 | doi = 10.1093/asj/sjy069 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nayyar P, Kumar P, Nayyar PV, Singh A | title = BOTOX: Broadening the Horizon of Dentistry | journal = Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | pages = ZE25-9 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25654058 | pmc = 4316364 | doi = 10.7860/JCDR/2014/11624.5341 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Al-Fouzan AF, Mokeem LS, Al-Saqat RT, Alfalah MA, Alharbi MA, Al-Samary AE | title = Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Gummv Smile | journal = The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 474–478 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28621277 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hwang WS, Hur MS, Hu KS, Song WC, Koh KS, Baik HS, Kim ST, Kim HJ, Lee KJ | title = Surface anatomy of the lip elevator muscles for the treatment of gummy smile using botulinum toxin | journal = The Angle Orthodontist | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 70–7 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19123705 | doi = 10.2319/091407-437.1 }}