| 释义 |
- Phonology Initials Rimes Tones Initial assimilation Tone sandhi
- References
{{Distinguish|Gutian language}}{{Infobox language
|name=Gutian dialect
|nativename={{lang|cdo|Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話}}
|pronunciation=
|states=Southern China
|region=Gutian, Ningde, Fujian
|speakers=?
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam2=Chinese
|fam3=Min
|fam4=Eastern Min
|isoexception=dialect
|glotto=none
|lingua=79-AAA-ich
|notice=IPA
}}Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province of China. PhonologyGutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones. Initials| | Bilabial | Alveolar | Lateral | Velar | Glottal |
|---|
| Stop | Tenuis voiceless | p}} | t}} | k}} | ʔ}} |
|---|
| Aspirated voiceless | pʰ}} | tʰ}} | kʰ}} | | Nasal | m}} | n}} | ŋ}} |
|---|
| Fricative | Voiceless | s}} | h}} |
|---|
| voiced | {{IPA link>β}} | {{IPA link>ʒ}} | | Affricate | Tenuis voiceless | ts}} |
|---|
| Aspirated voiceless | tsʰ}} | | Approximant | l}} |
|---|
Rimes| a}} 嘉 | ɛ}} 西 | œ}} 初 | o}} 歌 | | i}} 之 | u}} 孤 | y}} 須 | | ai}} 開 | oi}} 催 | au}} 郊 | ɛu}} 抖 | | ia}} 遮 | ie}} 批 | iu}} 秋 | iau}} 燒 | | ua}} 花 | uo}} 過 | uai}} 歪 | ui}} 輝 | | uɔi}} 杯 | yø}} 橋 | | aɳ}} 山 | iɳ}} 賓 | uɳ}} 春 | yŋ}} 銀 | | iaŋ}} 聲 | ieŋ}} 天 | uaŋ}} 歡 | uoŋ}} 元 | | yøŋ}} 香 | eiŋ}} 燈 | ouŋ}} 郎 | øyŋ}} 東 | | ak}} 答 | ik}} 必 | uk}} 不 | yk}} 竹 | | iak}} 揭 | iek}} 哲 | uak}} 撥 | uok}} 拙 | | yøk}} 箬 | eik}} 八 | ouk}} 駁 | øyk}} 北 | | aʔ}} 拍 | œʔ}} 嗝 | oʔ}} 桌 | iaʔ}} 壁 | | uaʔ}} 劃 | uoʔ}} 剝 | yøʔ}} 藥 | |
Tones| No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|
| Tone name | dark level
陰平 | light level
陽平 | rising
上聲 | dark departing
陰去 | light departing
陽去 | dark entering
陰入 | light entering
陽入 |
|---|
| Tone contour | ˥}} (55) | ˧}} (33) | ˦˨}} (42) | ˨˩}} (21) | ˧˨˦}} (324) | ˨}} (2) | ˥}} (5) |
|---|
|
Initial assimilationThe two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below: | The Coda of the Former Syllable | The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable |
|---|
/-ʔ/}}- {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/β/}};
- {{IPA|/t/, /tʰ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} change to {{IPA|/l/}};
- {{IPA|/k/, /kʰ/}} and {{IPA|/h/}} change to null initial (without {{IPA|/ʔ/}});
- {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/ʒ/}};
- {{IPA|/m/, /n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} and the null initial remain unchanged.
| /-ŋ/}}- {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/pʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/m/}};
- {{IPA|/t/, /tʰ/ /s/}} and {{IPA|/l/}} change to {{IPA|/n/}};
- {{IPA|/k/, /kʰ/}}, {{IPA|/h/}} and the null initial change to {{IPA|/ŋ/}};
- {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} change to {{IPA|/ʒ/}};
- {{IPA|/m/, /n/}} and {{IPA|/ŋ/}} remain unchanged.
| | /-k̚/}} | All initials remain unchanged. | |
Tone sandhiThe two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable): | dark level
55 | light level
33 | rising
42 | dark departing
21 | light departing
324 | dark entering
2 | light entering
5 | dark level
55 | 21+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 | light level
33 | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | rising
42 | 21+55 | 21+24 | 21+42 | 24+21 | 24+544 | 24+2 | 21+5 | dark departing
21 | 33+55 | 33+544 | 33+53 | 24+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 33+5 | light departing
324 | 55+55 | 544+33 | 544+42 | 42+21 | 544+21 | 42+2 | 55+5 | dark entering
2 | 33+55 | 33+55 | 33+53 | 55+21 | 55+33 | 55+2 | 55+5 | light entering
5 | 33+55 | 21+33 | 21+42 | 21+21 | 21+324 | 21+2 | 33+5 | |
References- {{cite book|author=Compilation Commission of Chorography of Gutian County 古田县地方志编纂委员会|title=Gu tian xian zhi 古田县志 ["Chorography of Gutian County"]|url=http://www.fjsq.gov.cn/frmBokkList.aspx?key=82037FF453C3456BB0AB00FCCB707F79|volume=32|publisher=Zhonghua Book Company|location=Beijing|year=1997|isbn=7-101-01663-4}}.
{{Min Chinese}} 2 : Eastern Min|Gutian County |