| 词条 | Hackney, London |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Hackney |static_image = |static_image_caption = |region = London |country = England |london_borough = Hackney |constituency_westminster = Hackney South and Shoreditch |post_town = LONDON |population = |population_ref = |postcode_area = E |postcode_district = E7, E8, E9 |postcode_area1 = N |postcode_district1 = N16 |dial_code = 020 |os_grid_reference = TQ345845 |coordinates = {{coord|51.543307|-0.059486|display=inline,title}} |charingX_distance_mi = 4 |charingX_direction = SW |local_name = }} Hackney is a district in East and North East London and the administrative centre of the London Borough of Hackney and partly in the East End, forming around two thirds of the area of the modern London Borough to which it gives its name. It was a suburb of the metropolitan area of London until 1965 when it was reformed and expanded. It is 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of Charing Cross and is identified as a major district centre in the London Plan. Although Hackney in the London Borough of Hackney, its southeastern and southern ends partly falls under the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. In the past it was also referred to as Hackney Proper, to distinguish it from the village which subsequently developed in the vicinity of Mare Street. The term Hackney Proper being applied to that wider district[1] Sub-districtsHackney includes the sub-districts of Hackney Central, Hackney Wick, South Hackney, and West Hackney. AdministrationHackney was an administrative unit with consistent boundaries from the early Middle Ages to the creation of the larger modern borough in 1965. Hackney was based for many centuries on the Ancient Parish of Hackney, the largest in Middlesex. Parishes in Middlesex were grouped into Hundreds, with Hackney part of Ossulstone Hundred. Rapid Population growth around London saw the Hundred split into several 'Divisions' during the 1600s, with Hackney part of the Tower Division (aka Tower Hamlets). The Tower Division was noteworthy in that the men of the area owed military service to the Tower of London - and had done even before the creation of the Division.[2] The Ancient Parishes provided a framework for both civil (administrative) and ecclesiastical (church) functions, but during the nineteenth century there was a divergence into distinct civil and ecclesiastical parish systems. In London the Ecclesiastical Parishes sub-divided to better serve the needs of a growing population, while the Civil Parishes continued to be based on the same Ancient Parish areas. The Metropolis Management Act 1855 merged the Civil Parishes of Hackney and Stoke Newington under a new Hackney District. This proved very unpopular, especially in more affluent Stoke Newington and after four unsuccessful attempts the two parishes regained their independence when they were separated by mutual consent under the Metropolis Management (Plumstead and Hackney) Act of 1893.[3] The London Government Act 1899 converted the parishes into Metropolitan Boroughs based on the same boundaries, sometimes with minor rationalisations. In 1965, Hackney merged with Shoreditch and Stoke Newington to form the new London Borough of Hackney. Victoria Park and southern Hackney Wick areas were never part of any Hackney administrative unit, instead Victoria Park being part of the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green, which half of Hackney Wick was part of Borough of Poplar. Both Poplar and Bethnal merged into the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965.[4]Open spacesOpen spaces in Hackney include:
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://homepages.gold.ac.uk/genuki/MDX/Hackney/HackneyHistory.html|title=The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland|year=1868|accessdate=20 February 2007}} {{coord missing|London}}2. ^The London Encyclopaedia, 4th Edition, 1983, Weinreb and Hibbert 3. ^{{cite web |title=Stoke Newington: Local government {{!}} British History Online |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol8/pp194-200 |website=www.british-history.ac.uk |accessdate=7 October 2018 |language=en}} 4. ^F. A. Youngs, Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I, 1979 5. ^Clapton Common 30 June 2009 (Planning Inspectorate Casework) accessed 19 Sept 2009 2 : London Borough of Hackney|Geography of the City of London |
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