词条 | Handicap (shogi) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| floatright | Handicap Game uwate | – | | | | gg | kg | gg | | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | shitate }} In shogi, a handicap game (駒落戦 koma ochisen, 駒落 koma ochi, ハンデキャップ handekyappu, 不利益 furieki) is a game setup used between players of disparate strengths, in which one or more pieces are removed from the stronger player's side. (Note that the missing pieces are not available for drops and play no further part in the game.) In Japanese, the higher ranked player is called 上手 uwate "handicap giver" while the lower player is 下手 shitate "handicap receiver." These terms are usually translated in English simply as White and Black, respectively just like the way 先手 sente and 後手 gote are translated as White and Black, respectively. The imbalance created by this method of handicapping is not as strong as it is in western chess because material advantage is not as powerful in shogi. An even game, that is a non-handicap game, is known as 平手 hirate in Japanese. Culture, tradition, pedagogyIn comparison with western chess, the attitude toward handicaps in shogi is quite different. Since shogi is arguably better suited for handicap play as captured pieces exchange sides, there is a strong tradition within shogi pedagogy for learning strategies appropriate to handicap games. Thus, most handicap games have been researched in detail and have developed traditional josekis (駒落ち定跡). Additionally, there are systems for determining what is the appropriate level of handicap to give players based on either the formal rank and/or skill level. (See §Handicaps and player rank below for the official system currently used by the Japan Shogi Association.) In traditional shogi instruction, handicap games are still commonly used in developing skills for amateur players – particularly in determining how to balance defense and offensive (since the attacking power of Black is greater as the handicap increases). Additionally, handicap games have also traditionally been played between top ranked professional players and lower ranked professional players. Historically, handicap games were even played between top level professionals. For example, a Lance Handicap game between Kōzō Masuda and Meijin Yasuharu Ōyama for the 1956 Osho title is famous. According to the rules at the time (since changed), Masuda was required to give Ōyama a handicap since he had won the previous three even games. Nowadays, handicaps between 4-dan and above professionals are uncommon as shogi tournament practice has become more standardized. Most current handicaps between professionals are now Lance handicaps. RulesIn handicap games, the stronger player (White/uwate) always has the first move except for the sente handicap. If a jishogi (持将棋 jishōgi "impasse") occurs in a handicap game, the removed pieces are counted towards White's total.[1] In practice, professional players playing against an amateur may also have a time handicap as well (that is, shorter time control than the amateur). In modern book diagrams, the White player is usually shown as the top player even though White has first move. (Usually book diagrams show the 先手 sente player with first move at the bottom of the board.) In western shogi notation, the first pair of moves is shown with the shitate player's move replaced by an ellipsis. For example: 1...G-42, 2. P-76 G-72. Types of handicap gamesIn even games, which player has the first move is always determined by a pawn toss (振り駒 furigoma). Therefore, the first handicap given to the lower-ranked player is for that player to always have first move as Black (先手 sente) instead of using a pawn toss. The reason for this is that there is a very slight statistical advantage for the Black player in professional games. All further handicaps involve removing one or more pieces from the uwate player. Handicaps, in increasing order of severity, include the following:
| | Lance | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | | | rg | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | Bishop | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | rg | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | Rook | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | Rook–Lance | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | | | | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 2-Piece | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 3-Piece | – | | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 4-Piece | – | | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 5-Piece | – | | | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 6-Piece | – | | | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 7-Piece | – | | | sg | gg | kg | gg | | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 8-Piece | – | | | | gg | kg | gg | | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-4}}{{shogi diagram | | 9-Piece | – | | | | gg | kg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | 10-Piece | – | | | | | kg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | Three Pawns | 歩歩歩 | | | | | kg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | Naked King | – | | | | | kg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{clear}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Right Lance | – | | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | rg | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Rook–Silver | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | | ng | lg | | | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Right Silver | – | lg | ng | | gg | kg | gg | sg | ng | lg | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-2}}{{shogi diagram | | Left Silver | – | lg | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | | ng | lg | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}}{{shogi diagram | floatright | 5-Piece Right Knight | – | | ng | sg | gg | kg | gg | sg | | | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-begin | width=auto | class=floatright}}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | Dragonfly | – | | | | | kg | | | | | | rg | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | Dragonfly with Lances | – | lg | | | | kg | | | | lg | | rg | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-3}}{{shogi diagram | | Dragonfly With Lances, Knights | – | lg | ng | | | kg | | | ng | lg | | rg | | | | | | bg | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | – | }}{{Col-end}} Handicaps greater than 6-Piece are typically used when teaching the game to new players.[2] The standard handicap games 8-Piece and less have josekis associated with them. The 6-Piece handicap is very large and is estimated to be the equivalent of Queen odds (queen removed) in western chess or a 9-stone handicap in go. The 3-Piece, 5-Piece, and 7-Piece handicaps are not commonly used. Although the 5-Piece is uncommon, according to Kaufman, many professionals feel that the 5-Piece is useful as there is a very large difference between 4-Piece and 6-Piece handicaps. However, Kaufman thinks the difference 2-Piece and 4-Piece is not so large as to make the 3-Piece useful. The Right Lance handicap became obsolete officially since 1910. There are many historical Right Lance handicap game records dating all the way back to the Edo period. The Silver handicaps are unofficial handicaps designed to be a little larger than the distance between and even game and a Lance handicap. The strategy used in these games is often quite similar to even games. The Dragonfly handicaps can be found in some mobile apps and online playing sites (such as 81Dojo). It may be a useful handicap to learn about beneficial piece exchanges.[3] {{clear}}Piece-in-hand handicaps{{shogi diagram| floatright | 2-Piece In-Hand | – | lg | ng | ss | gg | kg | gg | ss | ng | lg | | | | | | | | | | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | pg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | ps | | bs | | | | | | rs | | ls | ns | ss | gs | ks | gs | ss | ns | ls | 飛 角 | }} Piece-in-hand handicaps (駒持ち) are a newer nontraditional type of handicap where instead of taking the pieces from the stronger player's side and removing them from the game the pieces taken are given to the weaker player to put in their hand so that they may be used for drops as early as the weaker player's first move.[4] These handicaps may be used to teach new players to look for drop locations. Needless to say, giving White's pieces to Black to keep in hand creates much greater handicaps than compared with removing the same pieces from the game as with traditional handicaps. {{clear}}Handicaps and player rankThe relationship between handicaps and differences in rank is not universally agreed upon, with several systems in use. The system used by the Japan Shogi Association at its headquarters in Tokyo the {{Interlanguage link multi|Shogi Kaikan|ja|3=将棋会館}} is as follows:[5][6][7]
Note that these handicap–ranking systems are used for amateur players. Rank differences between professional players are actually smaller, and, therefore, the handicap–ranking systems used for amateurs is not appropriate. A professional 1-dan is estimated to be a little stronger than a 5-dan amateur player. Thus, a suitable handicap for a 1-dan professional playing against a 1-dan amateur is a difference in 5 ranks. Historical systemsEarlier a different handicap–ranking system was used:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shogi.or.jp/faq/index.html#rule|script-title=ja:将棋のルールに関するご質問: 持将棋の規定はどうなっていますか。|title=Shōgi no Ruru ni Kansuru Goshitsumon: Jishōgi no Kitei wa Dō Natteimasuka.|language=Japanese|trans-title=Questions regarding shogi's rules: What are the rules for Jishogi?|publisher=日本将棋連盟 (Japan Shogi Association)|quote=なお, 駒落ち将棋の場合は, 落とした駒が上手にある, と仮定して点数計算をします. (例・角落ちで, 上手に大駒1枚, 小駒14枚ある場合は, 24点として計算) [In handicap shogi, the removed pieces are assumed to be the pieces of the handicap giver ('uwate'). (For example, in a bishop-handicap game, the handicap giver only needs to have 1 major piece and 14 minor pieces to reach 24 points.)]|accessdate=17 December 2014}} 2. ^https://www.shogi.or.jp/column/2017/05/post_127.html 3. ^https://www.shogi.or.jp/column/2017/05/post_127.html 4. ^https://www.shogi.or.jp/column/2017/05/post_127.html 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shogi.or.jp/faq/index.html#rule|script-title=ja:将棋のルールに関するご質問, Q9:駒落ち戦の種類や対局ルール, 手合割を教えてください。|title=Shōgi no Ruru ni Kansuru Shitsumon, Q9: Komaochisen no Shurui ya Taikyoku Ruru, Tewariai o Oshietekudasai|language=Japanese|trans-title=Questions related to the Rules of Shogi, Q9: What are the types of handicap games and their respective rules|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|accessdate=23 April 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://81dojo.com/documents/Rules_and_Manners_of_Shogi#Handicaps|title=Rules and Manners of Shogi: Handicaps|website=81Dojo|publisher=Japan Shogi Association|accessdate=24 April 2016}} 7. ^https://www.shogi.or.jp/column/2017/05/post_127.html Bibliography
External links
3 : Shogi|Handicap shogi openings|Shogi theory |
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