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词条 Haplogroup E-M2
释义

  1. Origins

  2. Distribution

  3. Subclades

     E1b1a1  E1b1a1a1  E1b1a1a1a  E1b1a1a1b  E1b1a1a1c  E1b1a1a1d  E1b1a1a1e  E1b1a1a1f  E1b1a1a1g  E1b1a1a1h 

  4. Phylogenetics

     Phylogenetic history  Research publications 

  5. Tree

  6. See also

     Genetics  Y-DNA E subclades 

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox haplogroup
| name = E-M2 E3a / E1b1a
| origin-place = Western Africa or Central Africa
| origin-date = 39,400 years BP[1]
| TMRCA = 14,600 years BP[1]
| ancestor = E-V38
| descendants = E-Z5994, E-V43
| mutations = M2, DYS271/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189.1, P293.1
}}

Haplogroup E-M2 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is primarily distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa. E-M2 is the predominant subclade in Western Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes, and occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa and Middle East. E-M2 has several subclades, but many of these subhaplogroups are included in either E-L485 or E-U175. E-M2 is especially common in native Africans speaking Niger-Congo languages and was spread to Southern and Eastern Africa through the Bantu expansion.

Origins

The discovery of two SNPs (V38 and V100) by Trombetta et al. (2011) significantly redefined the E-V38 phylogenetic tree. This led the authors to suggest that E-V38 may have originated in East Africa. V38 joins the West African-affiliated E-M2 and the northern East African-affiliated E-M329 with an earlier common ancestor who, like E-P2, may have also originated in East Africa.[2]

The downstreams SNP E-M180 possibly originated on the moist south-central Saharan savannah/grassland of northern Africa between 14,000-10,000 years BP.[3][4][5][6] According to Wood et al. (2005) and Rosa et al. (2007), such population movements changed the pre-existing population Y chromosomal diversity in Central, Southern and southern East Africa, replacing the previous haplogroups frequencies in these areas with the now dominant E1b1a1 lineages. Traces of earlier inhabitants, however, can be observed today in these regions via the presence of the Y DNA haplogroups A1a, A1b, A2, A3, and B-M60 that are common in certain populations, such as the Mbuti and Khoisan.[7][8][9]

Distribution

This haplogroup's frequency and diversity are highest in the West Africa region. Within Africa, E-M2 displays a west-to-east as well as a south-to-north clinal distribution. In other words, the frequency of the haplogroup decreases as one moves from western and southern Africa toward the eastern and northern parts of the continent.[10]

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Bamileke 96%-100% [10][11]
Ewe 97%[8]
Ga 97%[8]
Yoruba 93.1%[12]
Tutsi 85%[10]
Fante 84%[8]
Mandinka 79%-87%[7][8]
Ovambo 82%[8]
Senegalese 81%[13]
Ganda 77%[8]
Bijagós 76%[7]
Balanta 73%[7]
Fula 73%[7]
Herero 71%[8]
Nalú 71%[7]

Populations on the North West Africa, central Eastern Africa and Madagascar have tested at more moderate frequencies.

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Tuareg from Tânout, Niger 44.4% (8/18 subjects)[14]
Comorian Shirazi 41% [15]
Tuareg from Gorom-Gorom, Burkina Faso 16.6% (3/18)[14]
Tuareg from Gossi, Mali 9.1% (1/9)[14]
Cape Verdeans 15.9% (32/201)[16]
Maasai 15.4% (4/26)[8]
Luo 66% (6/9)[8]
Iraqw 11.11% (1/9)[8]
Comoros 23.46% (69/294)[17]
Merina people (also called Highlanders) 44% (4/9)[18]
Antandroy 69.6% (32/46)[18]
Antanosy 48.9% (23/47)[18]
Antaisaka 37.5% (3/8)[18]

E-M2 is found at low to moderate frequencies in North Africa, and northern East Africa. The some of the lineages found in these areas are possibly due to the Bantu expansion or other migrations.[10][19] The E-M2 marker that appeared in North African samples stem from the Ancient Indigenous Moors.[10] However, the discovery in 2011 of the E-M2 marker that predates E-M2 has led Trombetta et al. to suggest that E-M2 may have originated in East Africa (please refer to the Origins section for details). In Eritrea and most of Ethiopia (excluding the Anuak) E-V38 is usually only found in the form of E-M329, which is autochthonous, while E-M2 generally indicates Bantu migratory origins.[45][20][21]

Incidence of E-M2
Population group frequency References
Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, Libya 46.5% (20/43) [22] [23]
Oran, Algeria 8.6% (8/93)[24]
Berbers, southern and north-central Morocco 9.5% (6/63) 5.8% (4/69)[25][26][27]
Moroccan Arabs6.8% (3/44) 1.9% (1/54)[25][27]
Saharawis3.5% (1/29)[25]
Egyptians 1.4% (2/147), 0% (0/73), 8.33% (3/36)[10][28][29]
Tunisians 1.4% (2/148)[29]
Sudanese (may include Hausa migrants) 0.9% (4/445) [30]
Somalia nationals (may include Bantu minorities) 1.5% (3/201)[19]
Somalis (ethnic Somalis) 0% (0/108)[21]
Djiboutians (Somalis and Afars) 0% (0/54)[31]
Eritreans (Tigray-Tigrinya, Tigre, Cunama, Nara, Saho) 0% (0/161)[32][31]
Ethiopians (Amhara, Oromo, Ethiopian Jews, Wolayta, Somali, Tigray, Other Ethiopians) 0% (0/119)[33][31]

Outside of Africa, E-M2 has been found at low frequencies. The clade has been found at low frequencies in West Asia. A few isolated occurrences of E-M2 have also been observed among populations in Southern Europe, such as Croatia, Malta, Spain and Portugal.[34]

[35][36][72]
Incidence of E-M2 in Asia
Population group frequency References
Saudi Arabians 7.6% (12/157)[37]
Omanis 6.6% (8/121)[10]
Emiratis 5.5% (9/164)[38]
Yemenis 4.8% (3/62)[38]
Majorcans 3.2% (2/62) [39]
Qataris 4.2% (3/72)[38]
Southern Iranians 1.7% (2/117)[40]
Iraqis 1.4% (2/139)[41]
Pakistanis 1.4% (9/638)[42]
Istanbul, Turkey 1.2% (1/81)[43]

The Trans-Atlantic slave trade brought people to North America, Central America and South America including the Caribbean. Consequently, the haplogroup is often observed in the United States populations in men who self-identify as African Americans.[44] It has also been observed in a number of populations in Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America among people of African descent.

Incidence of E-M2 in populations of the Americas
Population group frequency References
U.S. Americans 7.7-7.9% [45][44]
Cubans 9.8% (13/132)[46]
Dominicans 7.69% (2/26)[47]
Puerto Ricans19.23% (5/26)[47]
Nicaraguans5.5% (9/165)[48]
Several populations of Colombians6.18% (69/1116)[49]
Alagoas, Brazil 4.45% (11/247)[50]
Bahia, Brazil 19% (19/100)[51]
Bahamians 58.63% (251/428) [52]

Subclades

E1b1a1

E1b1a1a1

E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples.

E1b1a1a1a

E1b1a1a1a is defined by marker M58. 5% (2/37) of the town Singa-Rimaïbé, Burkina Faso tested positive for E-M58.[11] 15% (10/69) of Hutus in Rwanda tested positive for M58.[10] Three South Africans tested positive for this marker.[9] One Carioca from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested positive for the M58 SNP.[53] The place of origin and age is unreported.

E1b1a1a1b

E1b1a1a1b is defined by M116.2, a private marker. A single carrier was found in Mali.[9]

[54]

E1b1a1a1c

E1b1a1a1c is defined by private marker M149. This marker was found in a single South African.[9]

E1b1a1a1d

E1b1a1a1d is defined by a private marker M155. It is known from a single carrier in Mali.[9]

E1b1a1a1e

E1b1a1a1e is defined by markers M10, M66, M156 and M195. Wairak people in Tanzania tested 4.6% (2/43) positive for E-M10.[10] E-M10 was found in a single person of the Lissongo group in the Central African Republic and two members in a "Mixed" population from the Adamawa region.[9]

E1b1a1a1f

E1b1a1a1f is defined by L485. The basal node E-L485* appears to be somewhat uncommon but has not been sufficiently tested in large populations. The ancestral L485 SNP (along with several of its subclades) was very recently discovered. Some of these SNPs have little or no published population data and/or have yet to receive nomenclature recognition by the YCC.

  • E1b1a1a1f1 is defined by marker L514. This SNP is currently without population study data outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
  • E1b1a1a1f1a (YCC E1b1a7) is defined by marker M191/P86. Filippo et al. (2011) studied a number of African populations that were E-M2 positive and found the basal E-M191/P86 (without E-P252/U174) in a population of Gur speakers in Burkina Faso.[55] Montano et al. (2011) found similar sparse distribution of E-M191 in Nigeria, Gabon, Cameroon and Congo.[6] M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of Annang (38.3%), Ibibio (45.6%), Efik (45%), and Igbo (54.3%) living in Nigeria, West Africa.[106] E-M191/P86 appears in varying frequencies in Central and Southern Africa but almost all are also positive for P252/U174. Bantu-speaking South Africans (89/343) tested 25.9% positive and Khoe-San speaking South Africans tested 7.7% (14/183) positive for this SNP.[56] It also appears commonly in Africans living in the Americas. A population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tested 9.2% (12/130) positive.[53] 34.9% (29/83) of American Haplogroup E men tested positive for M191.[44]

Veeramah et al. (2010) studies of the recombining portions of M191 positive Y chromosomes suggest that this lineage has "diffusely spread with multiple high frequency haplotypes implying a longer evolutionary period since this haplogroup arose".[57] The subclade E1b1a1a1f1a appears to express opposite clinal distributions to E1b1a1* in the West African Savanna region. Haplogroup E1b1a1a1f1a (E-M191) has a frequency of 23% in Cameroon (where it represents 42% of haplotypes carrying the DYS271 mutation or E-M2), 13% in Burkina Faso (16% of haplotypes carrying the M2/DYS271 mutation) and only 1% in Senegal.[13] Similarly, while E1b1a reaches its highest frequency of 81% in Senegal, only 1 of the 139 Senegalese that were tested showed M191/P86.[13] In other words, as one moves to West Africa from western Central Africa, the less subclade E1b1a1f is found. "A possible explanation might be that haplotype 24 chromosomes [E-M2*] were already present across the Sudanese belt when the M191 mutation, which defines haplotype 22, arose in central western Africa. Only then would a later demic expansion have brought haplotype 22 chromosomes from central western to western Africa, giving rise to the opposite clinal distributions of haplotypes 22 and 24."[11]

  • E1b1a1a1f1a1 (YCC E1b1a7a) is defined by P252/U174. It appears to be the most common subclade of E-L485. It is believed to have originated near western Central Africa. It is rarely found in the most western portions of West Africa. Montano et al. (2011) found this subclade very prevalent in Nigeria and Gabon.[6] Filippo et al. (2011) estimated a tMRCA of ~4.2 kya from sample of Yoruba population positive for the SNP.[55]
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1b (YCC E1b1a7a2) is defined by P115. This subclade has only been observed amongst Fang people of Central Africa.[6]
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1c (YCC E1b1a7a3) is defined by P116. Montano et al. (2011) observed this SNP only in Gabon and a Bassa population from Cameroon.[6]
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1d is defined by Z1704. This subclade has been observed across Africa. The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium found this SNP in Yoruba Nigerian, three Kenyan Luhyas and one African descent Puerto Rican.[58]
  • E1b1a1a1f1b is defined by markers L515, L516, L517, and M263.2. This subclade was found by the researchers of Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison Project using data from the commercial bioinformatics company 23andMe.[59]

E1b1a1a1g

E1b1a1a1g (YCC E1b1a8) is defined by marker U175. The basal E-U175* is extremely rare. Montano et al. (2011) only found one out of 505 tested African subjects who was U175 positive but negative for U209.[6] Brucato et al. found similarly low frequencies of basal E-U175* in subjects in the Ivory Coast and Benin. Veeramah et al. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209.[57]

The supposed "Bantu haplotype" found in E-U175 carriers is "present at appreciable frequencies in other Niger–Congo languages speaking peoples as far west as Guinea-Bissau".[57] This is the modal haplotype of STR markers that is common in carriers of E-U175.[60]

E-U175 haplotypeDYS19DYS388DYS390DYS391DYS392DYS393
151221101113

E1b1a1a1g has several subclades.

  • E1b1a1a1g1 (YCC E1b1a8a) is defined by U209. It is the most prominent subclade of U175. This subclade has very high frequencies of over fifty percentages in Cameroonian populations of Bassa and Bakaka, possibly indicating place of origin. However, E-U209 is widely found at lower frequencies in West and Central African countries surrounding Cameroon and Gabon.[6] Brucato et al. (2010) found the SNP in a populations of Ahizi (in Ivory Coast) 38.8% (19/49), Yacouba (Ivory Coast) 27.5% (11/40), and Beninese 6.5% (5/77) respectively.[61]
  • E1b1a1a1g1a (YCC E1b1a8a1) is defined by U290. The Montano et al. (2011) study of U290 showed a lower frequency in Nigeria (11.7%) and western Central Africa than basal node U209. The highest population frequency rate in that study was 57.7% (15/26) in Ewondo in Cameroon.[6] 32.5% (27/83) of American Haplogroup E men tested by Sims et al. (2007) were positive for this SNP.[44]
  • E1b1a1a1g1a2 is defined by Z1725. This marker has been observed by The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium in Yoruba Nigerians and Luhya Kenyans.[58]
  • E1b1a1a1g1c (YCC E1b1a4) is defined by M154. A Bamilike population tested 31.3% (15/48) for the marker. Bakaka speakers from Cameroon tested 8%.[11] An Ovimbundu test population found this SNP at 14% (14/100).[62] Members of this subclade have also been found in South Africa.[63][56]
  • E1b1a1a1g1d is defined by V39. Trombetta et al. first published this SNP in 2011 but gave little population data about it.[2] It is only known to have been found in an African population.

E1b1a1a1h

E1b1a1a1h is defined by markers P268 and P269. It was first reported in a person from the Gambia.[64]

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • α {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
  • β {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
  • γ {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
  • δ {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
  • ε {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
  • ζ {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
  • η {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}

}}

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC) 2008 Tree,[64] the ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup E Tree,[4] and subsequent published research.

  • E1b1a1 (DYS271/M2/SY81, M291, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95, Z1101, Z1107, Z1116, Z1120, Z1122, Z1123, Z1124, Z1125, Z1127, Z1130, Z1133) [65]
  • E1b1a1a (L576)
  • E1b1a1a1 (L86.1, L88.3, M180/P88, PAGES00066, P182, Z1111, Z1112)
  • E1b1a1a1a (M58, PAGES00027)
  • E1b1a1a1b (M116.2)
  • E1b1a1a1c (M149)
  • E1b1a1a1d (M155)
  • E1b1a1a1e (M10, M66, M156, M195)
  • E1b1a1a1f (L485)
  • E1b1a1a1f1 (L514)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a (M191/P86, P253/U247, U186, Z1712, rs9786041)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1 (P252/U174)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1a (P9.2)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1b (P115)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1c (P116)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1c1 (P113)
  • E1b1a1a1f1a1d (Z1704)
  • (L372)
  • E1b1a1a1f1b (L515, L516, L517, M263.2)
  • E1b1a1a1f1b1 (Z1893)
  • (Z1894)
  • E1b1a1a1g (U175)
  • E1b1a1a1g1 (L220.3, L652, P277, P278.1, U209, rs7067329, rs7474403, rs7893016)
  • E1b1a1a1g1a (U290)
  • E1b1a1a1g1a1 (U181)
  • E1b1a1a1g1a1a (L97)
  • E1b1a1a1g1a2 (Z1725)
  • E1b1a1a1g1b (P59)
  • E1b1a1a1g1c (M154)
  • E1b1a1a1g1d (V39)
  • E1b1a1a1h (P268, P269)
{{Y-DNA}}

See also

{{wikiquote}}

Genetics

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • Genetic genealogy
  • Haplogroup D
  • Haplogroup DE
  • Haplogroup
  • Haplotype
  • Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
  • Molecular phylogenetics
  • Paragroup
  • Subclade
  • Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
  • Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

}}

Y-DNA E subclades

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • Haplogroup E-M123
  • Haplogroup E-M215
  • Haplogroup E-M33
  • Haplogroup E-M75
  • Haplogroup E-M96
  • Haplogroup E-P147
  • Haplogroup E-P177
  • Haplogroup E-P2
  • Haplogroup E-V68
  • Haplogroup E-Z827

}}

Notes

1. ^1 {{cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M2/ | title=E-M2 YTree}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R | title = A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms | journal = PLOS One | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = e16073 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21253605 | pmc = 3017091 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 | editor1-last = MacAulay | editor1-first = Vincent }}
3. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-V43/ | title=E-V43 YTree}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|last = International Society of Genetic Genealogy| author-link = |title = Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2010 | date = 3 February 2010| url = http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpE.html|access-date = 17 December 2010}}
5. ^{{Cite web| last = Adams| first = Jonathan| title = Africa During the Last 150,000 Years| url = http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercAFRICA.html| access-date = 26 January 2011| deadurl = yes| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060501225402/http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/nercAFRICA.html| archive-date = 1 May 2006}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal | vauthors = Montano V, Ferri G, Marcari V, Batini C, Anyaele O, Destro-Bisol G, Comas D | title = The Bantu expansion revisited: a new analysis of Y chromosome variation in Central Western Africa | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 20 | issue = 13 | pages = 2693–708 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21627702 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05130.x }}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | vauthors = Rosa A, Ornelas C, Jobling MA, Brehm A, Villems R | title = Y-chromosomal diversity in the population of Guinea-Bissau: a multiethnic perspective | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 7 | pages = 124 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17662131 | pmc = 1976131 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-7-124 }}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite journal | vauthors = Wood ET, Stover DA, Ehret C, Destro-Bisol G, Spedini G, McLeod H, Louie L, Bamshad M, Strassmann BI, Soodyall H, Hammer MF | title = Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 867–76 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15856073 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 }}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal | vauthors = Underhill PA, Passarino G, Lin AA, Shen P, Mirazón Lahr M, Foley RA, Oefner PJ, Cavalli-Sforza LL | title = The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 65 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 43–62 | date = January 2001 | pmid = 11415522 | doi = 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2001.6510043.x }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal | vauthors = Luis JR, Rowold DJ, Regueiro M, Caeiro B, Cinnioğlu C, Roseman C, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Herrera RJ | title = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: evidence for bidirectional corridors of human migrations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 3 | pages = 532–44 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 14973781 | pmc = 1182266 | doi = 10.1086/382286 }}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, Santolamazza P, Shen P, Macaulay V, Moral P, Olckers A, Modiano D, Holmes S, Destro-Bisol G, Coia V, Wallace DC, Oefner PJ, Torroni A, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Scozzari R, Underhill PA | title = A back migration from Asia to sub-Saharan Africa is supported by high-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome haplotypes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 5 | pages = 1197–214 | date = May 2002 | pmid = 11910562 | pmc = 447595 | doi = 10.1086/340257 }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = A haplotype map of the human genome | journal = Nature | volume = 437 | issue = 7063 | pages = 1299–320 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16255080 | pmc = 1880871 | doi = 10.1038/nature04226 }}
13. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Semino O, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS, Falaschi F, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | title = Ethiopians and Khoisan share the deepest clades of the human Y-chromosome phylogeny | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 265–8 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11719903 | pmc = 384897 | doi = 10.1086/338306 }}
14. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Pereira L, Cerný V, Cerezo M, Silva NM, Hájek M, Vasíková A, Kujanová M, Brdicka R, Salas A | title = Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 915–23 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20234393 | pmc = 2987384 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.21 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, Yahaya AA, Chiaroni J, Mitchell MJ | title = Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–94 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20700146 | pmc = 3039498 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.128 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gonçalves R, Rosa A, Freitas A, Fernandes A, Kivisild T, Villems R, Brehm A | title = Y-chromosome lineages in Cabo Verde Islands witness the diverse geographic origin of its first male settlers | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 113 | issue = 6 | pages = 467–72 | date = November 2003 | pmid = 12942365 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1007-4 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Msaidie S, Ducourneau A, Boetsch G, Longepied G, Papa K, Allibert C, Yahaya AA, Chiaroni J, Mitchell MJ | title = Genetic diversity on the Comoros Islands shows early seafaring as major determinant of human biocultural evolution in the Western Indian Ocean | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–94 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20700146 | pmc = 3039498 | doi = 10.1038/ejhg.2010.128 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }}
18. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Tofanelli S, Bertoncini S, Castrì L, Luiselli D, Calafell F, Donati G, Paoli G | title = On the origins and admixture of Malagasy: new evidence from high-resolution analyses of paternal and maternal lineages | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 26 | issue = 9 | pages = 2109–24 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19535740 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msp120 }}
19. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchez JJ, Hallenberg C, Børsting C, Hernandez A, Morling N | title = High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 13 | issue = 7 | pages = 856–66 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 15756297 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390 }}
20. ^[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hHEJ6z1_QPwYRyPAgYLEb_dt5fRBITrKvI0ezByNvTk/edit#gid=671929667 Plaster et al. Y-DNA E subclades]
21. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331901/|title=Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity on Ethiopia| vauthors = Plaster CA |date=2011-09-28|website=discovery.ucl.ac.uk|access-date=2018-06-27}}
22. ^All were positive for U175.
23. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ottoni C, Larmuseau MH, Vanderheyden N, Martínez-Labarga C, Primativo G, Biondi G, Decorte R, Rickards O | title = Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 145 | issue = 1 | pages = 118–24 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21312181 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21473 }}
24. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Robino C, Crobu F, Di Gaetano C, Bekada A, Benhamamouch S, Cerutti N, Piazza A, Inturri S, Torre C | title = Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample | journal = International Journal of Legal Medicine | volume = 122 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–5 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 17909833 | doi = 10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5 }}
25. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J | title = High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = 4 | pages = 1019–29 | date = April 2001 | pmid = 11254456 | pmc = 1275654 | doi = 10.1086/319521 }}
26. ^The publication refers to E-V38 as H22.
27. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Cruciani F, La Fratta R, Santolamazza P, Sellitto D, Pascone R, Moral P, Watson E, Guida V, Colomb EB, Zaharova B, Lavinha J, Vona G, Aman R, Cali F, Akar N, Richards M, Torroni A, Novelletto A, Scozzari R | title = Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 5 | pages = 1014–22 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15042509 | pmc = 1181964 | doi = 10.1086/386294 }}
28. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Zegura SL, Posukh O, Osipova L, Bergen A, Long J, Goldman D, Klitz W, Harihara S, de Knijff P, Wiebe V, Griffiths RC, Templeton AR, Hammer MF | title = Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 64 | issue = 3 | pages = 817–31 | date = March 1999 | pmid = 10053017 | pmc = 1377800 | doi = 10.1086/302282 }}
29. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Arredi B, Poloni ES, Paracchini S, Zerjal T, Fathallah DM, Makrelouf M, Pascali VL, Novelletto A, Tyler-Smith C | title = A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 75 | issue = 2 | pages = 338–45 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15202071 | pmc = 1216069 | doi = 10.1086/423147 }}
30. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hassan HY, Underhill PA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Ibrahim ME | title = Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 137 | issue = 3 | pages = 316–23 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18618658 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20876 }}
31. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Iacovacci G, D'Atanasio E, Marini O, Coppa A, Sellitto D, Trombetta B, Berti A, Cruciani F | title = Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries | journal = Forensic Science International. Genetics | volume = 27 | pages = 123–131 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28068531 | doi = 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015 }}
32. ^All E-M329, no E-M2 in this Eritrean data set
33. ^All E-M329, no E-M2 in this Ethiopian data set
34. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mršić G, Gršković B, Vrdoljak A, Popović M, Valpotić I, Anđelinović Š, Stenzl V, Ehler E, Urban L, Lacković G, Underhill P, Primorac D | title = Croatian national reference Y-STR haplotype database | journal = Molecular Biology Reports | volume = 39 | issue = 7 | pages = 7727–41 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22391654 | pmc = | doi = 10.1007/s11033-012-1610-3 | others = Branka Grskovic, Andro Vrdoljak, Maja Popovic, Ivica Valpotic, Simun Andelinovic, Vlastimil Stenzl, Edvard Ehler, Ludvik Urban, Gordana Lackovic, Peter Underhill, Dragan Primorac }}
35. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Capelli C, Redhead N, Romano V, Calì F, Lefranc G, Delague V, Megarbane A, Felice AE, Pascali VL, Neophytou PI, Poulli Z, Novelletto A, Malaspina P, Terrenato L, Berebbi A, Fellous M, Thomas MG, Goldstein DB | display-authors = 6 | title = Population structure in the Mediterranean basin: a Y chromosome perspective | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 70 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 207–25 | date = March 2006 | pmid = 16626331 | pmc = | doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x }}
36. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Flores C, Maca-Meyer N, González AM, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Pérez JA, Rojas A, Larruga JM, Underhill PA | title = Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 855–63 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15280900 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225 }}
37. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Abu-Amero KK, Hellani A, González AM, Larruga JM, Cabrera VM, Underhill PA | title = Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions | journal = BMC Genetics | volume = 10 | pages = 59 | date = September 2009 | pmid = 19772609 | pmc = 2759955 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2156-10-59 }}
38. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ | title = Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 374–86 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 17928816 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934 }}
39. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA | title = The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 83 | issue = 6 | pages = 725–36 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19061982 | pmc = 2668061 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007 }}
40. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ | title = Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration | journal = Human Heredity | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–43 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16770078 | doi = 10.1159/000093774 }}
41. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Al-Zahery N, Semino O, Benuzzi G, Magri C, Passarino G, Torroni A, Santachiara-Benerecetti AS | title = Y-chromosome and mtDNA polymorphisms in Iraq, a crossroad of the early human dispersal and of post-Neolithic migrations | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 458–72 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 12927131 | doi = 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00039-3 }}
42. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Firasat S, Khaliq S, Mohyuddin A, Papaioannou M, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Ayub Q | title = Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 121–6 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17047675 | pmc = 2588664 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726 }}
43. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Cinnioğlu C, King R, Kivisild T, Kalfoğlu E, Atasoy S, Cavalleri GL, Lillie AS, Roseman CC, Lin AA, Prince K, Oefner PJ, Shen P, Semino O, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA | title = Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 127–48 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14586639 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4 }}
44. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Sims LM, Garvey D, Ballantyne J | title = Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 97 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17154278 | doi = 10.1002/humu.9469 }}
45. ^E-M2 is approximately 7.7-7.9% of total US male population.
46. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mendizabal I, Sandoval K, Berniell-Lee G, Calafell F, Salas A, Martínez-Fuentes A, Comas D | title = Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 8 | pages = 213 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 18644108 | pmc = 2492877 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 }}
47. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Bryc K, Velez C, Karafet T, Moreno-Estrada A, Reynolds A, Auton A, Hammer M, Bustamante CD, Ostrer H | title = Colloquium paper: genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture among Hispanic/Latino populations | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 Suppl 2 | issue = Supplement 2 | pages = 8954–61 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20445096 | pmc = 3024022 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0914618107 | authorlink = Katarzyna Bryc }}
48. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nuñez C, Baeta M, Sosa C, Casalod Y, Ge J, Budowle B, Martínez-Jarreta B | title = Reconstructing the population history of Nicaragua by means of mtDNA, Y-chromosome STRs, and autosomal STR markers | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 143 | issue = 4 | pages = 591–600 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 20721944 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21355 }}
49. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rojas W, Parra MV, Campo O, Caro MA, Lopera JG, Arias W, Duque C, Naranjo A, García J, Vergara C, Lopera J, Hernandez E, Valencia A, Caicedo Y, Cuartas M, Gutiérrez J, López S, Ruiz-Linares A, Bedoya G | title = Genetic make up and structure of Colombian populations by means of uniparental and biparental DNA markers | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 143 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–20 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20734436 | pmc = | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.21270 }}
50. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = de Azevedo DA, da Silva LA, Gusmão L, de Carvalho EF |title=Analysis of Y chromosome SNPs in Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series|date=December 2009 |volume=2|issue=1|pages=421–422|pmid=|doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.166 }}
51. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nascimento E, Cerqueira E, Azevedo E, Freitas V, Azevedo D |title=The Africa male lineages of Bahia's people—Northeast Brazil: A preliminary SNPs study|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series |date=December 2009 |volume=2|issue=1|pages=349–350|doi=10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.07.010 }}
52. ^Tanya M Simms 2011, The Peopling of the Bahamas: A PhylogeographicalPerspective pg. 194
53. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hünemeier T, Carvalho C, Marrero AR, Salzano FM, Pena SD, Bortolini MC | title = Niger-Congo speaking populations and the formation of the Brazilian gene pool: mtDNA and Y-chromosome data | journal = American Journal of Physical Anthropology | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 854–67 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17427922 | doi = 10.1002/ajpa.20604 }}
54. ^The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1.
55. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = de Filippo C, Barbieri C, Whitten M, Mpoloka SW, Gunnarsdóttir ED, Bostoen K, Nyambe T, Beyer K, Schreiber H, de Knijff P, Luiselli D, Stoneking M, Pakendorf B | title = Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: insights into the history of Niger-Congo groups | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 1255–69 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21109585 | pmc = 3561512 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msq312 }}
56. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, Patel P, Mahabeer R, Erasmus JC, Soodyall H | title = Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations | journal = Investigative Genetics | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 21092339 | pmc = 2988483 | doi = 10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 }}
57. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal | vauthors = Veeramah KR, Connell BA, Ansari Pour N, Powell A, Plaster CA, Zeitlyn D, Mendell NR, Weale ME, Bradman N, Thomas MG | title = Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | pages = 92 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20356404 | pmc = 2867817 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-92 }}
58. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Abecasis GR, Altshuler D, Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, Gibbs RA, Hurles ME, McVean GA | title = A map of human genome variation from population-scale sequencing | journal = Nature | volume = 467 | issue = 7319 | pages = 1061–73 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20981092 | pmc = 3042601 | doi = 10.1038/nature09534 }}
59. ^{{Cite web|last = Reynolds| first = David| author-link = |last2 = Squecco | first2 = Adriano | name-list-format = vanc | title = Y-Chromosome Genome Comparison| url = http://www.daver.info/ysub/| access-date = 1 August 2011}}
60. ^The YCAII STR marker value of 19-19 is also usually indicative of U175.
61. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Brucato N, Cassar O, Tonasso L, Tortevoye P, Migot-Nabias F, Plancoulaine S, Guitard E, Larrouy G, Gessain A, Dugoujon JM | title = The imprint of the Slave Trade in an African American population: mitochondrial DNA, Y chromosome and HTLV-1 analysis in the Noir Marron of French Guiana | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | pages = 314 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20958967 | pmc = 2973943 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-10-314 }}
62. ^{{cite journal| vauthors = Brito P, Carvalho M, Gomes V, Melo MM, Bogas V, Balsa F, Andrade L, Serra A, Lopes V, Gusmão L, Anjos MJ | display-authors = 6 |date=December 2011 |title= Y-SNP analysis in an Angola population|journal= Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series|volume= 3|issue= 1|pages= e369–e370|pmid= |pmc= |doi= 10.1016/j.fsigss.2011.09.046 }}
63. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, Jin L, Passarino G, Yang WH, Kauffman E, Bonné-Tamir B, Bertranpetit J, Francalacci P, Ibrahim M, Jenkins T, Kidd JR, Mehdi SQ, Seielstad MT, Wells RS, Piazza A, Davis RW, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Oefner PJ | title = Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations | journal = Nature Genetics | volume = 26 | issue = 3 | pages = 358–61 | date = November 2000 | pmid = 11062480 | doi = 10.1038/81685 }}
64. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF | title = New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree | journal = Genome Research | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 830–8 | date = May 2008 | pmid = 18385274 | pmc = 2336805 | doi = 10.1101/gr.7172008 }}
65. ^DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, and M291 appear to form E1b1a1*. L576 forms a subclade immediately after the previously mentioned SNPs. L576 gave rise to a deeper subclade of M180/P88, P182, L88.3, L86, and PAGES0006. From this subclade, all the major subclades (i.e. E-U175 and E-L485) of E1b1a evolved. The exact position of V43 and V95 within these three subclades and E1b1a1a1b (M116.2), E1b1a1a1c (M149), and E1b1a1a1d (M155)remains uncertain.

References

{{Reflist|2}}

External links

  • Haplogroup E1b1a FTDNA Project
  • Distribution of E1b1a/E3a in Africa
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320195433/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html?card=my031 Spread of Haplogroup E3a], from National Geographic
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haplogroup E1b1a (Y-Dna)}}

1 : Human Y-DNA haplogroups
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