| 词条 | Haplogroup P1 (Y-DNA) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name=P1 (P-M45; K2b2a) | map = | origin-date = | origin-place = South East Asia/East Asia [1][2][3] | ancestor = P* (P-P295)[4] | descendants = Q (Q-M242) and R (R-M207). | mutations = M45/PF5962 }} Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P* (P-P295; K2b2). The only primary subclades of P1 are Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and Haplogroup R (R-M207). These haplogroups now comprise most of the male lineages among Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asia and South Asia, among other parts of the world. P1 (M45) likely originated in East Asia or Southeast Asia,[2][1] even though basal P1* (P1xQ,R) is now most common among individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia.[5] Both P* and its precursor, K2b, reach their highest rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon in the Philippines,[3][1] and; Luzon is also the only location where P*, P1 and haplogroup P2 (P-B253; K2b2b), the only other primary subclade of P*, have been found together.[6][1][7]. A 2018 study found basal P1* in two individuals dated to the Upper Paleolithic (~31,630 cal BP) from a Yana river archaeological site.[8] Structure{{main|Structure of Y-DNA Haplogroup K}}The subclades of Haplogroup P1 with their defining mutation, according to the 2016 ISOGG tree:[6]
Modern distributionP1* (P-M45*)The modern populations with high frequencies of P1* (P1xQ,R) are located in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia:
Modern South Asian populations also feature P1 (M45) at low to moderate frequencies.[9] In South Asia, P-M45 is most frequent among the Muslims of Manipur (Pangal, 33%), but this may be due to a very small sample size (nine individuals). A levels of 14% P-M45* on the island of Korčula in Dalmatia (modern Croatia) and 6% on the neighbouring island of Hvar, may be linked to migration during the early medieval period, by Central Asian peoples such as the Avars (also known as the Pannonian Avars, Obri, Abaroi and Varchonites – and not to be confused with the Caucasian Avars).[10] It is possible that many cases of P-M45* in Central Asia, South Asia and/or West Asia are unresolved members of less-researched subclades of Haplogroups R2 and Q.
† May include members of haplogroup R1*/R1a*
QNear universal in the Kets (95%) of Siberia. Very common in pre-modern Native American populations, except for the Na-Dene peoples, where it reaches 50-90%. Also common, at 25-50%, in modern Siberian populations such as the Nivkhs, Selkups, Tuvans, Chukchi, Siberian Eskimos, Northern Altaians, and in 30% of Turkmens. RThe only discovered case of basal R* (i.e. one that does not belong to R1 or R2) is the Mal'ta Boy. Subclades of R1b, R1a and R2 are now dominant in various populations from Europe to South Asia. References1. ^1 2 3 Tumonggor, Karafet et al., 2014, "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor", Journal of Human Genetics Vol. 59, No. 9 (September), pp. 494–503. 2. ^1 E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201. 3. ^1 {{cite journal |url= http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ejhg2014106a.pdf |format=PDF |author= Tatiana M Karafet |date=2015 |title= Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia |journal= European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=23 |pages= 369–373 |display-authors= etal}} 4. ^{{cite biorxiv |author= Gregory R Magoon |display-authors= etal |date=2013-11-22 |title= Generation of high-resolution a priori Y-chromosome phylogenies using “next-generation” sequencing data |biorxiv=000802}} 5. ^1 Miroslava Derenko et al 2005, Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions Zgms.cm.umk.pl 6. ^1 {{cite web |author=ISOGG |year=2016 |url= http://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpP.html |title= Y-DNA Haplogroup P |accessdate= 2016-12-11}} 7. ^E. Heyer et al., 2013, "Genetic Diversity of Four Filipino Negrito Populations from Luzon: Comparison of Male and Female Effective Population Sizes and Differential Integration of Immigrants into Aeta and Agta Communities", Human Biology, Vol. 85, Iss. 1, p. 201. 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sikora|first=Martin|last2=Pitulko|first2=Vladimir|last3=Sousa|first3=Vitor|last4=Allentoft|first4=Morten E.|last5=Vinner|first5=Lasse|last6=Rasmussen|first6=Simon|last7=Margaryan|first7=Ashot|last8=Damgaard|first8=Peter de Barros|last9=Castro|first9=Constanza de la Fuente|date=2018-10-22|title=The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/10/22/448829|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=448829|doi=10.1101/448829}} 9. ^{{cite journal |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0507714103 |title=A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios |year=2006 |last1=Sahoo |first1=S. |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=103 |issue=4 |page= 843 |pmid= 16415161 |pmc= 1347984}} 10. ^1 2 Paolo Francalacci & Daria Sanna, "History and geography of human Y-chromosome in Europe: a SNP perspective", Journal of Anthropological Sciences, vol. 86 (2008), pp. 59-89. [Access: Aug 24, 2017].) Sources
External links
1 : Human Y-DNA haplogroups |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。