| 词条 | 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak |
| 释义 |
The 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidiosis outbreak was a significant distribution of the Cryptosporidium protozoan in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and the largest waterborne disease outbreak in documented United States history. The Howard Avenue Water Purification Plant (see Town of Lake water tower) was contaminated, and treated water showed turbidity levels well above normal. It was one of two water treatment plants for Milwaukee. The root cause of epidemic was never officially identified; initially it was suspected to be caused by the cattle genotype due to runoff from pastures.[1] It was also thought that melting ice and snowmelt carrying Cryptosporidium may have entered the water treatment plants through Lake Michigan.[2] MacKenzie et al. and the CDC showed that this outbreak was caused by Cryptosporidium oocysts that passed through the filtration system of one of the city's water-treatment plants, arising from a sewage treatment plant's outlet 2 miles upstream in Lake Michigan. This abnormal condition at the water purification plant lasted from March 23 through April 8, after which, the plant was shut down. Over the span of approximately two weeks, 403,000[3] of an estimated 1.61 million residents in the Milwaukee area (of which 880,000 were served by the malfunctioning treatment plant) became ill with the stomach cramps, fever, diarrhea and dehydration caused by the pathogen.[3] Deaths have been attributed to this outbreak, mostly among the elderly and immunocompromised people, such as people with AIDS. [4] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Mac Kenzie WR, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE, Kazmierczak JJ, Addiss DG, Fox KR, Rose JB | title = A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 331 | issue = 3 | pages = 161–7 | date = July 1994 | pmid = 7818640 | doi = 10.1056/nejm199407213310304 }} 2. ^{{cite book | first1 = Daniel B. | last1 = Botkin | first2 = Edward A. | last2 = Keller | name-list-format = vanc | year = 2005 | title = Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet | edition = 5th | url = | pages = 441 | isbn = 978-0-471-48816-3 }} 3. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Hoxie NJ, Davis JP, Vergeront JM, Nashold RD, Blair KA | title = Cryptosporidiosis-associated mortality following a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 87 | issue = 12 | pages = 2032–5 | date = December 1997 | pmid = 9431298 | pmc = 1381251 | doi = 10.2105/ajph.87.12.2032 }} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Corso PS, Kramer MH, Blair KA, Addiss DG, Davis JP, Haddix AC | title = Cost of illness in the 1993 waterborne Cryptosporidium outbreak, Milwaukee, Wisconsin | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 426–31 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12702221 | pmc = 2957981 | doi = 10.3201/eid0904.020417 }} External links
5 : Cryptosporidiosis|1993 in Wisconsin|History of Milwaukee|1990s medical outbreaks|Medical outbreaks in the United States |
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