| 词条 | 1993 Russian legislative election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Russian State Duma election, 1993 | country = Russian Federation | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = Russian legislative election, 1990 | previous_year = 1990 | next_election = Russian legislative election, 1995 | next_year = 1995 | seats_for_election = All 450 seats to the State Duma | majority_seats = 226 | election_date = 12 December 1993 | image1 = | leader1 = Vladimir Zhirinovsky | colour1 = | party1 = Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | leaders_seat1 = | last_election1 = | seats1 = 64 | popular_vote1 = 12,318,562 | percentage1 = 22.92% | swing1 = | image2 = | leader2 = Yegor Gaidar | party2 = Russia's Choice | colour2 = A0522D | leaders_seat2 = | last_election2 = | seats2 = 64 | seat_change2 = | popular_vote2 = 8,339,345 | percentage2 = 15.51% | swing2 = | image3 = | leader3 = Gennady Zyuganov | party3 = Communist Party of the Russian Federation | seats3 = 42 | popular_vote3 = 6,666,402 | percentage3 = 12.4% | image4 = | leader4 = Alevtina Fedulova | party4 = Women of Russia | colour4 = FF77FF | seats4 = 23 | popular_vote4 = 4,369,918 | percentage4 = 8.13% | image5 = | leader5 = Mikhail Lapshin | party5 = Agrarian Party of Russia | colour5 = fde910 | seats5 = 37 | popular_vote5 = 4,292,518 | percentage5 = 8% | image6 = | leader6 = Grigory Yavlinsky | party6 = Yabloko | seats6 = 27 | popular_vote6 = 4,223,219 | percentage6 = 7.9% | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = | title = Chairman | posttitle = Chairman-designate | after_election = Ivan Rybkin | after_party = Agrarian Party |turnout=54.81%}}{{Infobox Election | election_name = Russian Federation Council election, 1993 | country = Russian Federation | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election = | previous_year = | next_election = | next_year = | seats_for_election = All 178 seats to the Federation Council | election_date = 12 December 1993 | image1 = | leader1 = | colour1 = | party1 = Independent politician | leaders_seat1 = | last_election1 = | seats1 = 171 | popular_vote1 = 53,751,696 | percentage1 = 100% | swing1 = | image2 = | leader2 = | party2 = Vacant seats | colour2 = 000000 | leaders_seat2 = | last_election2 = | seats2 = 7 | seat_change2 = | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = | swing2 = | title = Chairman | posttitle = Chairman-designate | before_election = | before_party = | after_election = Vladimir Shumeyko | after_party = Independent politician }}Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993.[1] They included the last elections to the Federation Council of Russia.[2] BackgroundThe 1993 general election was taking place in the aftermath of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a violent confrontation on the streets of Moscow which resulted in the dissolution of the previous Russian parliament by military force. Yeltsin hoped to resolve the political turmoil by decreeing for the election to the new Russian parliament and the constitutional referendum to take place on 12 December 1993. Electoral systemThe new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated half the 450 Duma members were elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, and half were elected as individual representatives from single-member districts. Every Russian voter thus received two different ballots. The proportional representation ballot compelled each voter to endorse an electoral organization or vote against all of them. By contrast, the single-member district ballot required a voter to endorse an individual, whose party affiliation, if any, could not be given on the ballot. In order to nominate a list of candidates in the proportional representation ballot, a party or electoral organization had to gather 100,000 signatures from the electorate, of which no more than 15% could be from any one region or republic. The method used to calculate the number of seats won by each party was the Hare method, with a threshold of 5.0 per cent of the valid vote, including votes cast against all, but excluding invalid ballots. To secure a place on a single-member district ballot, candidates had to gather the signatures of at least 1.0 percent of the constituency electorate. The winner in each single-member districts contest was simply the candidate with plurality of votes, regardless of the number of votes cast against all. ResultsState Duma
Federation Council
Although the Federation Council was contested on a non-party basis,[2] 11 were members of the Communist Party, six were members of Russia's Choice and nine were members of other parties.[5] AftermathThe results of the polls proved to be disappointing for the Kremlin: the two competing pro-government parties, Russia's Choice and the Party of Russian Unity and Accord, gained 15.5% and 6.7% of the vote respectively and won 123 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. Neither party was able to control the parliamentary agenda nor impose the will of the president on the Duma. Lacking legislative success, both parties rapidly lost membership. Parliamentary groupsThe use of the mixed system for the election of the Duma produced a large number of deputies which were unaffiliated with any electoral bloc. By joining other parliamentary groups or forming groups of independent deputies, they could significantly influence the balance of power in the Duma. Hence, the parliamentary groups in the first two-year term of the Duma showed lack of stability and its numbers may be given only with approximation.
References1. ^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}} 2. ^1 Nohlen & Stöver, p1656 3. ^Результаты выборов в Думу I созыва {{ref-ru}}. 4. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1659 5. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1658 External links
6 : Legislative elections in Russia|1993 elections in Russia|December 1993 events|1st State Duma of the Russian Federation|1993 elections in Europe|1993 elections in Asia |
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