1. Background

2. Structure

3. The Piece as a Programmatic Composition

4. Critical Reception

5. See also

6. References

• Jazz
• Big band

Background

Ellington composed Harlem Air Shaft in 1940, during a time of relative creative freedom afforded by his contract with Victor. As Ellington noted in a 1944 interview published in The New Yorker, the composition was his attempt at capturing the essence of city life through music (though the exact inspiration for the piece and its working title has remained unclear). This is achieved through dramatic changes in key accompanied by colorful instrumentation. Professor Edward Green of the Manhattan School of Music describes Harlem Air Shaft as a piece of program music, or a series of musical “chapters“ intended to create an experience similar to that of a book. Ellington recounted his inspiration in a 1944 interview published in The New Yorker:

So much goes on in a Harlem air shaft. You get the full essence of Harlem in an air shaft. You hear fights,

you smell dinner, you hear people making love. You

hear intimate gossip floating down. You hear the

radio. An air shaft is one great big loudspeaker. You

see your neighbor’s laundry. You hear the janitor’s

dogs. The man upstairs’ aerial falls down and breaks

your window. You smell coffee. A wonderful thing is

that smell. An air shaft has got every contrast. One

guy is cooking dried fish with rice and another guy’s

got a great big turkey. Guy-with-fish’s wife is a terrific

cooker but the guy’s wife with the turkey is doing a

sad job. You hear people praying, fighting, snoring.

Jitterbugs are jumping up and down always over you,

never below you. That’s a funny thing about jitterbugs.

They’re always over you. I tried to put all that in

“Harlem Air Shaft.” ^[2]}}

Structure

The introduction consists of 12 bars, divided into three four-bar segments marked by key changes. The following 32 bars structurally repeat these segments as three 8-bar choruses and one 4-bar refrain. Throughout the piece are subtle references to traditional African American tunes, such as a brief trombone part that resembles “I Love Bread and Butter” appearing during the introduction. Much of the improvisation is arpeggio-based, while the trumpet parts have a distinct blues-like style. The trumpet was played by Cootie Williams on the original July 1940 recording.^[3]

The Piece as a Programmatic Composition

The idea that the content of the music is programmatic, or entirely a product of the everyday 1940s New York City experience, is almost always associated with the piece. According to a 1940 interview with Ellington, it was inspired by everyday noises heard in New York City, specifically the namesake, air shaft, found between housing units. A program for Harlem Air Shaft, published by Richard O. Boyer in The New Yorker in l944, was apparently provided by Ellington while the band was traveling. Yet, the narrative as provided by Ellington, while reflected in the title, is controversial; there is no evidence of a program written prior to the piece, and Ellington in later interviews appeared to embellish the details of the piece’s narrative. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the piece was originally titled “Once Over Lightly“, a phrase written by Ellington on the original score.^[4]

Critical Reception

While Duke Ellington received 9 Grammy Hall of Fame awards as well as 24 total Grammy nominations, Harlem Air Shaft never received any grammy nominations or awards. While there was little said about this piece from critics at the time of its creation, many reviews can be found that have been published since Ellington’s passing that praised his ability to perfectly encapsulate the natural sounds and atmosphere of early 1900’s Harlem.

See also

• List of program music
• List of 1930s jazz standards
• Ventilation shaft
• Duke Ellington discography

References

• Araria District
• Araricá
• Arariel
• Araripedactylus
• Araripedactylus dehmi
• Araripe manakin
• Araripemys
• Araripe Plateau
• Araripe plateau
• Araripesaurus
• Araripesaurus castilhoi
• Araroba
• Araroba powder
• Araroba Powder
• ARA Robinson (P-45)
• ARA Rosales (P-42)
• Arar: Poet of Jordan
• Araruama
• Arará
• ARAS
• Arasalar River
• Arasangam
• Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic
• ARA Santa Fe
• ARA Santiago del Estero (S-12)