“Hasselt dialect”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Hasselt dialect

释义

Phonology
Consonants Realization of {{IPA|/r/}} Vowels
References
Bibliography
Further reading

{{distinguish|text=Hasselt Dutch or a Hasselt accent, the accent/regional variety of Standard Dutch spoken in Hasselt}}{{Infobox language
|name = Hasselt dialect
|nativename = Essels, Hessels
|pronunciation = {{IPA|[ˈʔæsəls]}}, {{IPA|[ˈhæsəls]}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}
|states = Belgium
|region = Hasselt
|speakers = ?
|ref =
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam2 = Germanic
|fam3 = West Germanic
|fam4 = Low Franconian
|fam5 = Meuse-Rhenish
|fam6 = Limburgish
|fam7 = West Limburgish{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=117}}
|isoexception = dialect
|glotto = none
}}

Hasselt dialect or Hasselt Limburgish (natively Essels or Hessels,{{sfnp|Staelens|1989}} Standard Dutch: Hasselts {{IPA-nl|ˈɦɑsəlts|}}) is the city dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Belgian city of Hasselt alongside the Dutch language. All of its speakers are bilingual with standard Dutch.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=117}}

Phonology

Consonants

Peters|2006|p=117}}
		Labial	Alveolar	Dorsal	Postalveolar	Glottal
Nasal		m}}	n}}	ŋ}}
Plosive / Affricate	voiceless	p}}	t}}	k}}
Plosive / Affricate	voiced	b}}	d}}	dʒ}}
Fricative	voiceless	f}}	s}}	x}}	ʃ}}	h}}
Fricative	voiced	v}}	z}}	ɣ}}
Rhotic		{{IPA\|r}}
Approximant		β̞\|β}}	l}}	j}}

Obstruents are devoiced word-finally. However, when the next word starts with a vowel and is pronounced without a pause, both voiced and voiceless word-final obstruents are realized as voiced.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}
{{IPA|/m, p, b, β/}} are bilabial, whereas {{IPA|/f, v/}} are labiodental.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=117}}
The sequences {{IPA|/nt, nd/}} are realized as more or less palatalized:
- In the conservative variety, these are, respectively, {{IPA|[ɲtʃ]}} and {{IPA|[ɲdʒ]}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}
- Nowadays, {{IPA|[nʲtʲ]}} and {{IPA|[nʲdʲ]}} are the normal realizations, whereas the conservative {{IPA|[ɲtʃ, ɲdʒ]}} are used only in a few words.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}
{{IPA|/p, b, t, d, k/}} are plosives, whereas {{IPA|/dʒ/}} is an affricate.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=117}}
{{IPA|/ŋ, k, x, ɣ/}} are velar, whereas {{IPA|/j/}} is palatal.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=117}}
{{IPA|/r/}} is either alveolar or, more commonly, uvular - see below.
Word-initial {{IPA|/h/}} is often realized as a plosive {{IPAblink|ʔ}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}

Realization of {{IPA|/r/}}

According to {{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}}, {{IPA|/r/}} is realized as a voiced trill, either alveolar {{IPAblink|r}} or uvular {{IPAblink|ʀ}}. Between vowels, it is sometimes realized with one contact (i.e. as a tap) {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʀ̆}}]}},{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}} whereas word-finally, it can be devoiced to {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|r̥}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʀ̥}}]}}.^[1]

According to {{Harvcoltxt|Sebregts|2014}}, about two thirds of speakers have a uvular {{IPA|/r/}}, whereas about one third has a categorical alveolar {{IPA|/r/}}. There are also a few speakers who mix uvular and alveolar articulations.{{sfnp|Sebregts|2014|p=96}}

Among uvular articulations, he lists uvular trill {{IPAblink|ʀ}}, uvular trill fricative {{IPAblink|ʀ̝}}, uvular fricative {{IPAblink|ʁ}} and uvular approximant {{IPAblink|ʁ̞}}, which are used more or less equally often in all contexts. Almost all speakers with a uvular {{IPA|/r/}} use all four of these realizations.{{sfnp|Sebregts|2014|p=97}}

Among alveolar articulations, he lists alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, voiced alveolar fricative {{IPAblink|ɹ̝}}, alveolar approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, partially devoiced alveolar trill {{IPAblink|r̥}}, voiceless alveolar trill {{IPAblink|r̥}}, alveolar tap/trill fricative {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɾ̞}} ~ {{IPAplink|r̝}}]}}, voiceless alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̥}} and voiceless alveolar fricative {{IPAblink|ɹ̝̊}}. Among these, the tap is most common, whereas the tap/trill fricative is the second most common realization. The partially devoiced alveolar trill occurred only once.{{sfnp|Sebregts|2014|p=97}}

Vowels

Peters|2006|pp=118–119}}
	Front				Back
	{{small\|unrounded		{{small\|rounded		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
Close	i}}	iː}}	y}}	yː}}	u}}	uː}}
Close-mid	ɪ}}	eː}}	ø}}	øː}}	oː}})
Open-mid	ɛ}}	ɛː}}	œ}}	œː}}	ɔ̝\|ɔ}}	ɔː}}
Open	æ}}	aː}}			ɑ}}	ɑː}}
Unstressable	{{IPA link\|ə}}

There are also the nasal vowels {{IPA|/œ̃ː, ɔ̃ː, æ̃ː, ɑ̃ː/}}, which occur only in French loanwords.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
{{IPA|/aː/}} is near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠ː}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
All of the back vowels are almost fully back.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|pp=118–119}} Among these, {{IPA|/u, uː, oː, ɔ, ɔː/}} are rounded, whereas {{IPA|/ɑ, ɑː/}} are unrounded.
- {{IPA|/oː/}} is a marginal vowel. Its occurrence is restricted to loanwords from standard Dutch and English.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
Before alveolar consonants, the long rounded vowels {{IPA|/uː, øː, œː/}} are realized as centering diphthongs {{IPA|[uə, øə, œə]}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
{{IPA|/ə, ɔ/}} are mid {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ə}}, {{IPAplink|ɔ̝}}]}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
- {{IPA|/ə/}} occurs only in unstressed syllables.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=118}}
{{IPA|/æ/}} is near-open, whereas {{IPA|/aː, ɑ, ɑː/}} are open.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}

Peters|2006|pp=118–119}}
Starting point		Ending point
Starting point		Front	Central	Back
Close		uɪ}}	iə}}
Close-mid	unrounded	eɪ}}
Close-mid	rounded	øɪ}}	ou}}
Open-mid		ɔɪ}}
Open		aɪ}}

{{IPA|/iə, øɪ, aɪ/}} have somewhat retracted first elements {{IPA|[i̠, ø̠, a̠]}}. In the case of {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, its first element is also somewhat raised. Because of that, it is best described as near-open advanced central {{IPA|[ɐ̟]}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
- {{IPA|/aɪ/}} and occurs only in loanwords from French and interjections.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
{{IPA|/uɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔɪ/}} have somewhat advanced first elements ({{IPA|[u̟]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ̟]}}, respectively).{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
Before alveolar consonants, {{IPA|/eɪ, ou/}} are realized as centering diphthongs {{IPA|[eə, oə]}}. In the case of {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, this happens only before the sonorants, i.e. {{IPA|/n, l/}} and the alveolar allophones of {{IPA|/r/}}, with the tripthong {{IPA|[ejə]}} being an alternative pronunciation. In the case of {{IPA|/ou/}}, the centering diphthong is used before all alveolar consonants, not just the sonorants. No triphthongal variants of {{IPA|/ou/}} have been reported.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
{{IPA|/øɪ, ɔɪ, aɪ/}} occur only word-finally.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}
{{IPA|/ou, ɔɪ, aɪ/}} have somewhat lowered second elements {{IPA|[u̞, ɪ̞, ɪ̞]}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}

There are also the sequences {{IPA|/uːj, ɔːj, ɑːj/}}, which are better analyzed as sequences of {{IPA|/uː, ɔː, ɑː/}} and the approximant {{IPA|/j/}}, rather than diphthongs {{IPA|/uːi, ɔːi, ɑːi/}}. The sequences {{IPA|/ɔːj, ɑːj/}} occur only word-finally.{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}

References

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Peters|2006}}. While the author does not state that explicitly, he uses the symbol {{angbr|{{IPA|r̥}}}} for many instances of the word-final {{IPA|/r/}}.

Bibliography

{{citation

|last=Peters
|first=Jörg
|year=2006
|title=The dialect of Hasselt
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=36
|issue=1
|pages=117–124
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002428
}}

{{citation

|last=Sebregts
|first=Koen
|chapter=3.4.4 Hasselt
|title=The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r
|place=Utrecht
|publisher=LOT
|date=2014
|pages=96–99
|isbn=978-94-6093-161-1
|url=http://koensebregts.nl/FullTextSEBREGTSLOT379.pdf
}}

{{citation