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词条 HCV genotypes
释义

  1. Techniques

  2. References

{{Orphan|date=March 2018}}Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes refer to the genetic variations that occurs in the hepatitis C virus. Hepatitis C is a contagious disease that primarily affects the liver, causing severe damage as the disease progresses.[1] It is caused by the Hepatitis C virus, a small, enveloped RNA virus. The transmission of hepatitis C is through the contact with the blood of the infected person, for example by sharing the needles or by using non-sterile medical equipment.[2] HCV is transmitted globally because of the high infection rate and is also associated with a high mortality rate.[3][4] The World Health Organisation indicates the 3.3% of the world population is infected by the HCV virus.[5] Statistical records show that there are about 13 million HCV affected persons in china, 3.5 million affected persons in the United States,[6] and about 10 million people are affected by HCV in Pakistan.[3] In all cases, the viral genotype of the HCV stays the same, occasionally mutations do occur making the treatment more complex by targeting the changes in the genotype.[8] Hepatitis C virus genotype is considered more common than the Hepatitis B virus infection contributing to more than a million cases annually[7] and is considered one of the major reason for liver transplantation in United States.[8] Some of the HCV genotypes may develop in people without symptoms leading to dangerous conditions like liver cirrhosis causing a permanent damage to liver and the unnoticed HCV conditions will affect brain, joints, blood vessels, bones, and kidneys.[9]

The complexity of the HCV genotypes made the treatment specific for the associated genotype. The treatment for the HCV genotype will also depends on the presence or absence of cirrhosis.[10] There are six major genotypes of hepatitis C virus which includes many subtypes.[11] The genotype can affect treatment of HCV infections.[3] Recent studies show that HCV genotypes consist of 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes.[12] All the genotypes and its subtypes affects the liver to the same extent of damage irrespective of the HCV genotype[13] Among the common six genotypes, genotype 1 is the most prevalent form in the United States of America,[14] covering around 70-90% of total infections. It is usually difficult to treat the people with HCV genotype 1.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Genotype 2 and genotype 3 are less common contributing to around 10-20%.[14] Genotype 4 and 5 affects a large proportion of the population in undeveloped countries.[15] Genotype 4 is the most common type of infections in Middle east and Africa, around 80% of total infections.[16] About 15% of the people affected by HCV genotypes will get cured without medications, in which immune system plays a vital role in defeating the virus.[17] Until recently, there were no specific vaccines available for treating hepatitis C virus genotypes.[18] People traveling around different subcontinents where several HCV genotypes are common will have the possibility of resulting in mixed infection.[13]

Geographical distribution of HCV subtypes
HCV genotypes Subsets Geographical distribution[19]
Genotype 1 1a, 1b North America, Central Africa, Europe
Genotype 2 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d Western Africa
Genotype 3 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f Southeast Asia
Genotype 4 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j Central Africa
Genotype 5 5a South Africa and Asia
Genotype 6 6a Southeast Asia

Techniques

The Main techniques used to diagnose the HCV genotype are as follows:[16]

  • HCV ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
  • Quantitative HCV-RNA PCR (Hepatitis C virus-Ribonucleic acid Polymerase Chain reaction)
  • Recombinant immunoblot assay

References

1. ^Available at http://www.harvoni.com/education?gclid=CLfb7_vQvdICFY4kgQodKIoNYQ&gclsrc=aw.ds
2. ^Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hcv/
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal |vauthors=Athar MA, Xu Y, Xie X, Xu Z, Ahmad V, Hayder Z, Hussain SS, Liao Y, Li Q |title=Rapid detection of HCV genotyping 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 3b and 6a in a single reaction using two-melting temperature codes by a real-time PCR-based assay |journal=Journal of Virological Methods |volume=222 |issue= |pages=85–90 |year=2015 |pmid=26068393 |doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.05.013 }}
4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Teimourpour R, Tajani AS, Askari VR, Rostami S, Meshkat Z |title=Designing and Development of a DNA Vaccine Based On Structural Proteins of Hepatitis C Virus |journal=Iranian Journal of Pathology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=222–230 |year=2016 |pmid=27799971 |pmc=5079455 }}
5. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavanchy D |title=The global burden of hepatitis C |journal=Liver International |volume=29 Suppl 1 |issue= |pages=74–81 |year=2009 |pmid=19207969 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01934.x }}
6. ^Available at http://www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_c/article.htm
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Cooreman MP, Schoondermark-Van de Ven EM |title=Hepatitis C virus: biological and clinical consequences of genetic heterogeneity |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement |volume=218 |issue= |pages=106–15 |year=1996 |pmid=8865460 }}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Zein NN |title=Clinical significance of hepatitis C virus genotypes |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=223–35 |year=2000 |pmid=10755999 |pmc=100152 }}
9. ^Website link for everyday life: http://www.everydayhealth.com/hs/hepatitis-c-living-well/dangers-untreated-hepatitis-c/
10. ^HEP website. Available at http://hepc.liverfoundation.org/treatment/the-basics-about-hepatitis-c-treatment/medication-regimens-according-to-genotype
11. ^http://www.hepatitiscentral.com/hepatitis-c/{{full citation needed|date=March 2017}}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith DB, Bukh J, Kuiken C, Muerhoff AS, Rice CM, Stapleton JT, Simmonds P |title=Expanded classification of hepatitis C virus into 7 genotypes and 67 subtypes: updated criteria and genotype assignment web resource |journal=Hepatology |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=318–27 |year=2014 |pmid=24115039 |pmc=4063340 |doi=10.1002/hep.26744 }}
13. ^1 2 Treatment action group website. Available at http://www.treatmentactiongroup.org/hcv/factsheets/hcv-genotypes
14. ^1 http://hepatitis-c.emedtv.com/hepatitis-c/hepatitis-c-genotypes.html{{full citation needed|date=March 2017}}
15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A, Brown A, Cooke GS, Pybus OG, Barnes E |title=Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes |journal=Hepatology |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=77–87 |year=2015 |pmid=25069599 |pmc=4303918 |doi=10.1002/hep.27259 }}
16. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Nouroz |first1=Faisal |last2=Shaheen |first2=Sidra |last3=Mujtaba |first3=Ghulam |last4=Noreen |first4=Shumaila |title=An overview on hepatitis C virus genotypes and its control |journal=Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2015 |pages=291–8 |doi=10.1016/j.ejmhg.2015.05.003 }}
17. ^Hepatitis central, available at http://www.hepatitiscentral.com/hepatitis-c/
18. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Naderi M, Gholipour N, Zolfaghari MR, Moradi Binabaj M, Yegane Moghadam A, Motalleb G |title=Hepatitis C virus and vaccine development |journal=International Journal of Molecular and Cellular Medicine |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=207–15 |year=2014 |pmid=25635247 |pmc=4293608 }}
19. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Yu CI, Chiang BL |title=A new insight into hepatitis C vaccine development |journal=Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology |volume=2010 |issue= |pages=548280 |year=2010 |pmid=20625493 |pmc=2896694 |doi=10.1155/2010/548280 }}

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