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词条 1996 Italian general election
释义

  1. Electoral system

  2. General election

     Background  Campaign 

  3. Main coalitions and parties

     Coalitions' leaders 

  4. Results for the Chamber of Deputies

     Overall results  Proportional  First-past-the-post 

  5. Results for the Senate of the Republic

  6. Results

     Leaders' races 

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Infobox Election
| election_name = Italian general election, 1996
| country = Italy
| type = parliamentary
| vote_type = Coalition
| ongoing = no
| turnout = 82.88%
| previous_election = Italian general election, 1994
| previous_year = 1994
| next_election = Italian general election, 2001
| next_year = 2001
| seats_for_election = All 630 seats in the Italian Chamber of Deputies
315 seats in the Italian Senate
| election_date = 21 April 1996
| image1 =
| leader1 = Romano Prodi
| party1 =
| alliance1 = The Olive Tree (political coalition)
| color1 = EF3E3E
| leaders_seat1 = Bologna East
| seats1 = 322 C / 169 S
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}63 C / {{increase}}47 S
| popular_vote1 = 16,924,099 C
13,013,276 S
| percentage1 = 45.4% (C)
39.8% (S)
| image2 =
| leader2 = Silvio Berlusconi
| party2 =
| alliance2 = Pole for Freedoms
| color2 = 0A6BE1
| leaders_seat2 = Milan Centre
| seats2 = 246 C / 116 S
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}26 C / {{decrease}}40 S
| popular_vote2 = 15,095,436 C
12,185,020 S
| percentage2 = 43.2% (C)
37.3% (S)
| image3 =
| leader3 = Umberto Bossi
| party3 =
| alliance3 = Lega Nord
| color3 = 008000
| leaders_seat3 = Milan Centre (lost)
| seats3 = 59 C / 27 S
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}}58 C / {{decrease}}33 S
| popular_vote3 = 3,776,354 C
3,394,733 S
| percentage3 = 10.1% (C)
10.4% (S)
| map =
| map_caption = Election results maps for the Chamber of Deputies (on the left) and for the Senate (on the right). On the left, the color identifies the coalition which received the most votes in each province. On the right, the color identifies the coalition which won the most seats in respect to each Region. Red the Centre-left coalition, Blue denotes the Centre-right coalition, Green denotes Lega Nord and Gray regional parties.
| title = Prime Minister
| posttitle = Elected Prime Minister
| before_election = Lamberto Dini
| before_party = Independent (politician)
| after_election = Romano Prodi
| after_party = The Olive Tree (political coalition)
}}

A snap national general election was held in Italy on 21 April 1996 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic. Romano Prodi, leader of the centre-left coalition The Olive Tree, won the election, narrowly defeating Silvio Berlusconi, who led the Pole for Freedoms centre-right coalition.

For the election, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi ran alone, after having left the Berlusconi I Cabinet in 1994, causing a crisis which drove President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to appoint a technocratic cabinet led by Lamberto Dini, which in turn lost its Parliamentary support in 1995, forcing Scalfaro to dissolve the Italian Parliament. The Communist Refoundation Party, led by Fausto Bertinotti, instead made a pre-electoral alliance with The Olive Tree, presenting its own candidates, supported by Prodi's coalition, mainly in some safe leftist constituencies, in exchange for supporting Olive Tree candidates on the other ones, and ensuring external support for a Prodi government.

Electoral system

The intricate electoral system of Italy, nicknamed as Mattarellum (after Sergio Mattarella, who was the official proponent), provided a 75% of the seats on the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by a plurality voting system, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned by proportional representation with a minimum threshold of 4%.

If possible, the method associate on the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that actually assigned the remaining seats to minority parties.

General election

Background

In December 1994, following the communication of a new investigation from Milan magistrates that was leaked to the press, Umberto Bossi, leader of the Northern League, left the coalition claiming that the electoral pact had not been respected, forcing Berlusconi to resign from office and shifting the majority's weight to the centre-left side. The Northern League also resented the fact that many of its MPs had switched to Forza Italia, allegedly lured by promises of more prestigious portfolios.

Berlusconi remained as caretaker prime minister for a little over a month until his replacement by a technocratic government headed by Lamberto Dini. Dini had been a key minister in the Berlusconi cabinet, and Berlusconi said the only way he would support a technocratic government would be if Dini headed it. In the end, however, Dini was only supported by most opposition parties but not by Forza Italia and Northern League.

In December 1995 Dini resigned as Prime Minister and the President of the Republic, Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, decided to begin consultations to form a government, substained by all the parties in the Parliament to make constitutional reforms. Favourably to this proposal sided both, in a TV debate on 19 January 1996, Silvio Berlusconi and Democratic Party of the Left leader Massimo D'Alema. Although there were many problems on this theme in both coalition: in fact Gianfranco Fini and Romano Prodi wanted a snap election, not sure that the reforms would be helpful for the country. On 16 February 1996, a snap election was called.

Campaign

On 19 February 1996, the outgoing Prime Minister Lamberto Dini announced that he would run in the election with a new party allied with The Olive Tree rather than Berlusconi's Pole of Freedoms. Shortly after Berlusconi claimed that Dini "copied our electoral programme".[1]

Another important declaration was Umberto Bossi's one: the leader of the regionalist Northern League, which was very important in 1994 to help Berlusconi winning the election, said that his party would not support Berlusconi anymore and run alone in the election. At the same time, Prodi's coalition made an important pre-electoral agreement with Communist Refoundation Party in which Fausto Bertinotti's party undertook to support Prodi's government after the election in the case of a no-majority Parliament.

On 25 March 1996, Berlusconi organised a great manifestation in Milan against taxes (The Tax Day) attended by lot of Milanese artisans; on the same day, in Turin, Prodi was heavily contested during his electoral speech and accused of not wanting to lower taxes.[2]

Main coalitions and parties

CoalitionParty Main ideology Leader
The Olive Tree Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) Democratic socialism Massimo D'Alema
Populars for Prodi (PP) Christian democracy Franco Marini
Italian Renewal (RI) Liberalism Lamberto Dini
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics Franco Corleone
Italian Socialists (SI) Social democracy Enrico Boselli
Democratic Union (UD) Social liberalism Antonio Maccanico
The Network (LR) Christian left Leoluca Orlando
Pole for Freedoms Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi
National Alliance (AN) Conservatism Gianfranco Fini
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD) Christian democracy Pier Ferdinando Casini
United Christian Democrats (CDU) Christian democracy Rocco Buttiglione
Northern League (LN) Regionalism Umberto Bossi
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Fausto Bertinotti
Pannella–Sgarbi List (LPS) Liberalism Marco Pannella

Coalitions' leaders

PortraitNameMost recent positionRefs
{{nowrap|Romano Prodi
{{small|(1939– )}}}}}}		Leader of The Olive Tree
{{small>(1995–incumbent)}}
{{Collapsible list		 title = Other positions Minister of Industry, Commerce and Manufacturing (1978–1979)
}}		[3][4]
{{nowrap|Silvio Berlusconi
{{small|(1936– )}}}}}}		Prime Minister of Italy
{{small>(1994–1995)}}
{{Collapsible list		 title = Other positions Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1994–incumbent) President of Forza Italia (1994–incumbent)
}}		[5][6]
{{nowrap|Umberto Bossi
{{small|(1941– )}}}}}}		Federal Secretary of Lega Nord
{{small>(1989–incumbent)}}
{{Collapsible list		 title = Other positions Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1992–incumbent) Member of the Senate of the Republic (1987–1992)
}}		[7][8]
{{nowrap|Fausto Bertinotti
{{small|(1940– )}}}}}}		Secretary of the Communist
Refoundation Party
{{small>(1994–incumbent)}}
{{Collapsible list		 title = Other positions Member of the European Parliament (1999–incumbent) Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1994–incumbent)
}}		[9][10]
{{nowrap|Marco Pannella
{{small|(1930–2016)}}}}}}		Member of the European Parliament
{{small>(1979–incumbent)}}
{{Collapsible list		 title = Other positions Leader of Pannella List (1992–incumbent) Member of the Chamber of Deputies (1992–1994; 1987–1989; 1983–1984; 1976–1978) President of the Radical Party (1986–1989; 1976–1981; 1967–1975) Secretary of the Radical Party (1981–1983; 1963–1967)
}}		[11][12]

Results for the Chamber of Deputies

Overall results

CoalitionPartyProportionalFirst-past-the-postTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
The Olive TreeDemocratic Party of the Left (PDS)7,894,11821.062615,747,45542.01146172[13]+48
{{nowrap|Populars for Prodi (PPI–UD–PRI–SVP)}}2,554,0726.8146569[14]+18
Italian Renewal (incl. PS and SI)1,627,3804.3481826[15]New
Federation of the Greens (FdV)938,6652.5001414+3
The Network (LR){{N/A}}{{N/A}}033−5
Ladin Autonomist Union (UAL){{N/A}}{{N/A}}011+1
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC)3,213,7488.5720982,5052.621535−3
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP){{N/A}}{{N/A}}0156,7080.4233±0
Aosta Valley (VdA){{N/A}}{{N/A}}037,4310.1011±0
Total seats58266324–
Pole for FreedomsForza Italia (FI)7,712,14920.573715,027,03040.0886123[16]−9
National Alliance (AN)5,870,49115.66286593−17
169246–
Northern League (LN)3,776,35410.07204,038,23910.773959−59
Southern Action League (LAM)72,0620.19082,3730.2211±0
Total630–

Proportional

Democratic Party of the Left21.067,894,11826
Forza Italia20.577,712,14937
National Alliance15.665,870,49128
Northern League10.073,776,35420
Communist Refoundation Party8.573,213,74820
Populars for Prodi (PPI–UD–PRI–SVP)6.812,554,0724
Christian Democratic Centre–United Christian Democrats5.842,189,56312
Italian Renewal4.341,627,3808
Federation of the Greens2.50938,6650
Pannella-Sgarbi List1.88702,9880
Tricolour Flame0.91339,3510
Socialist Party0.40149,4410
Southern Action League0.1972,0620
North-East Union0.1763,9340
Union for South Tyrol0.1555,5480
Clean Hands0.1244,9350
We the Sicilians – National Sicilian Front0.1141,0010
Sardinian Action Party0.1038,0020
Others0.54200,5960
Total100.0037,484,398155
Invalid/blank/unassigned votes–2,917,376–
Total–40,401,774–
Registered voters/turnout82.88%48,744,846–
Source: Ministry of the Interior
{{Bar box
|title=Popular vote (Proportional)
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{Bar percent|PDS|{{Democratic Party of the Left/meta/color}}|21.06}}{{Bar percent|FI|{{Forza Italia/meta/color}}|20.57}}{{Bar percent|AN|{{National Alliance (Italy)/meta/color}}|15.66}}{{Bar percent|LN|{{Lega Nord/meta/color}}|10.07}}{{Bar percent|PRC|{{Communist Refoundation Party/meta/color}}|8.57}}{{Bar percent|Populars|{{Italian People's Party (1994)/meta/color}}|6.81}}{{Bar percent|CCD-CDU|{{Union of the Centre (2002)/meta/color}}|5.84}}{{Bar percent|RI|Blue|4.34}}{{Bar percent|FdV|{{Federation of the Greens/meta/color}}|2.50}}{{Bar percent|LP|gold|1.88}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|2.68}}
}}

First-past-the-post

Parties and coalitions%VotesSeats
Pole for Freedoms40.0915,027,030169
The Olive Tree38.5414,447,548228
Northern League10.774,038,23939
The Olive Tree–Lega Autonomia Veneta2.66997,53414
Progressives2.62982,50515
Tricolour Flame1.67624,5580
The Olive Tree–Sardinian Action Party0.72269,0474
South Tyrolean People's Party0.42156,7083
Southern Action League0.2282,3731
Pannella-Sgarbi List0.1969,4060
Clean Hands0.1868,4430
Socialist Party0.1244,7860
Sardinia Nation0.1142,2460
Aosta Valley0.1037,4311
Others1.59407,2551
Total100.0037,295,109475
{{Bar box
|title=Popular vote (First-past-the-post)
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{Bar percent|Ulivo|{{The Olive Tree (Italy)/meta/color}}|41.92}}{{Bar percent|PpL|{{Pole of Freedoms/meta/color}}|40.09}}{{Bar percent|LN|{{Lega Nord/meta/color}}|10.77}}{{Bar percent|Prog.|{{Communist Refoundation Party/meta/color}}|2.62}}{{Bar percent|FT|{{Tricolour Flame/meta/color}}|1.67}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|3.65}}
}}

Results for the Senate of the Republic

CoalitionPartyFirst-past-the-postProportional
(Seats)		Total
seats		+/–
Votes%Seats
The Olive TreeDemocratic Party of the Left (PDS)13,434,60741.1813423102[18]+26
Italian People's Party (PPI)27−4
Federation of the Greens (FdV)14+7
Italian Renewal (RI)11[19] New
The Network (LR)1−5
Lega Autonomia Veneta (LAV)1+1
Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az)1+1
Progressives934,9742.8710010−8
The Fir–SVP–PATT178,4250.55202−1
Aosta Valley (VdA)27,4930.08101±0
Total seats170–
Pole for FreedomsForza Italia (FI)12,185,02037.35674948[20]+13
National Alliance (AN)43−4
Christian Democratic Centre (CCD)15+3
United Christian Democrats (CDU)10New
Pannella-Sgarbi List509,8261.56011±0
Total seats117–
Northern League (LN)3,394,73310.4118927−33
Tricolour Flame (FT)747,4872.29011New
Socialist Party (PS)286,4260.88000New
Clean Hands109,1130.33000New
League for Autonomy – Lombard Alliance106,3130.33000−1
North-East Union (UNE)72,5410.22000New
We the Sicilians – National Sicilian Front71,8410.22000±0
Southern Action League (LAM)66,7500.20000±0
Greens Greens (VV)61,4340.19000±0
Pensioners' Party (PP)60,6400.19000±0
Social Democracy60,0160.18000New
Sardinia Nation (SN)44,7130.14000±0
Others270,1880.81000–
Total32,624,584100.0023283315–
{{Bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{Bar percent|Ulivo|{{The Olive Tree (Italy)/meta/color}}|39.89}}{{Bar percent|PpL|{{Pole of Freedoms/meta/color}}|37.35}}{{Bar percent|LN|{{Lega Nord/meta/color}}|10.41}}{{Bar percent|Prog.|{{Communist Refoundation Party/meta/color}}|2.87}}{{Bar percent|FT|{{Tricolour Flame/meta/color}}|2.29}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|7.19}}
}}

Results

On election day, Prodi's Olive Tree coalition won over Berlusconi's Pole for Freedoms, becoming the first coalition composed by a post-communist party to win general election since the Second World War. In the Senate The Olive Tree obtained the majority, but in the Chamber it required the external support of Communist Refoundation Party.

Leaders' races

{{Election box begin | title=General Election 1996: Bologna East}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Olive Tree (political coalition)
|candidate = Romano Prodi
|votes = 55,830
|percentage = 60.8
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pole for Freedoms
|candidate = Filippo Berselli
|votes = 35,972
|percentage = 39.2
|change =
}}{{Election box majority
|votes = 19,858
|percentage = 21.6
|change =
}}{{Election box turnout
|votes = 95,948
|percentage = 92.3
|change =
}}{{Election box end}}{{Election box begin | title=General Election 1996: Milan Centre}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Pole for Freedoms
|candidate = Silvio Berlusconi
|votes = 46,098
|percentage = 51.5
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = The Olive Tree (political coalition)
|candidate = Michele Salvati
|votes = 32,464
|percentage = 36.3
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lega Nord
|candidate = Umberto Bossi
|votes = 10,179
|percentage = 11.4
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Camillo Comelli
|votes = 766
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}{{Election box majority
|votes = 13,634
|percentage = 15.2
|change =
}}{{Election box turnout
|votes = 92,969
|percentage = 82.6
|change =
}}{{Election box end}}

References

1. ^ 
2. ^ 
3. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dIDvMvHDXn4 Prodi dall'Annunziata]
4. ^[https://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2014-05-26/i-record-elezioni-vittoria-prodi-1996-ma-rifondazione-023659.shtml?uuid=ABlcGALB La vittoria di Prodi nel 1996]
5. ^I manifesti elettorali di Silvio Berlusconi dal 1994 ad oggi
6. ^Prodi–Berlusconi, vigilia di duello. Leader in ritiro, si limano le regole
7. ^[https://www.lettera43.it/it/video/pontida-1996-il-discorso-di-umberto-bossi-sulla-nascita-della-padania/13252/ Pontida 1996, il discorso di Umberto Bossi sulla nascita della Padania]
8. ^1996, quando la Lega era pro-euro
9. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43xhZ1SchXQ Fausto Bertinotti e Giuliano Ferrara da Bruno Vespa]
10. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kST4rQGZ51A Silvio Berlusconi e Fausto Bertinotti da Lucia Annunziata]
11. ^Pannella a Porta a Porta nel 1996
12. ^[https://www.corriere.it/politica/11_febbraio_05/pannella-lettera_dee4b42a-3136-11e0-90b6-00144f02aabc_preview.shtml?reason=unauthenticated&cat=1&cid=7INjzcwM&pids=FR&origin=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2Fpolitica%2F11_febbraio_05%2Fpannella-lettera_dee4b42a-3136-11e0-90b6-00144f02aabc.shtml Pannella, una vita da radicale]
13. ^Including 8 deputies of the Movement of Unitarian Communists (MCU), 6 deputies of the Labour Federation (FL), 5 deputies of the Social Christians (CS), one deputy of the Republican Left (SR) and one deputy of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI)
14. ^Including 5 deputies of the Democratic Union (UD) and 2 deputies of the Italian Republican Party (PRI)
15. ^Including 8 deputies of Segni Pact (PS), 7 deputies of the Italian Socialists (SI) and one deputy of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)
16. ^Including 3 deputies of the Union of the Centre (UdC)
17. ^19 deputies of CCD and 11 deputies of CDU
18. ^Including 5 senators of the Labour Federation (FL) and 4 senators of the Social Christians (CS)
19. ^Including 5 senators of the Italian Socialists (SI), one senator of Segni Pact (PS) and one senator of the Democratic Italian Movement (MID)
20. ^Including 2 senators of the Union of the Centre (UdC)

External links

  • {{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018143246/http://politiche.interno.it/dati/camera/21aprile1996.zip Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1996 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies] (compressed ZIP file)
  • {{it icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20051018145809/http://politiche.interno.it/dati/senato/21apr1996.zip Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1996 Election Results, Senate of the Republic] (compressed ZIP file)
{{Elections in Italy}}

3 : General elections in Italy|1996 elections in Italy|April 1996 events in Europe
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