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词条 Healthy building
释义

  1. Integrated design

  2. Buildings and health components

      Site selection    Building design    Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)    Daylighting    Diet    Exercise  

  3. Occupant engagement

  4. Health and well-being in standards and rating systems

  5. References

{{Multiple issues|{{pov|date=September 2018}}{{lead too long|date=September 2018}}{{manual|date=September 2018}}}}Healthy building refers to an emerging area of interest that supports the physical, psychological, and social health and well-being of people in buildings and the built environment.[1] Buildings can be key promoters of health and well-being since most people spend a majority of their time indoors.[2] According to the National Human Activity Pattern Survey, Americans spend “an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles.”[3]

Healthy building can be seen as the next generation of Green building that not only includes environmentally responsible and resource-efficient building concepts, but also integrates “health, wellness, and human experience in buildings.”[4] These benefits can include “reducing absenteeism and presenteeism, lowering health care costs, and improving individual and organizational performance.” Healthy building encompasses a wide range of concepts and applications that promote human health which include but are not limited to: site selection and construction, occupant engagement, personal control, indoor environmental quality, daylighting, biophilic design, access to potable water, healthy dining options, exercise in the workplace, and smoking restrictions.[1]

Integrated design

Healthy building involves many different concepts, fields of interest, and disciplines. As such, taking an integrative or integrated design approach is essential to successfully creating a healthy building. Forming a diverse and interdisciplinary team early in the process can generate integrated or complementary strategies for improved performance or health impact considerations.[5] An integrated design team can consist of stakeholders and specialists such as facility managers, architects, building engineers, health and wellness experts, and public health partners. Conducting charrettes with an integrated design team can foster collaboration and help the team develop goals, plans, and solutions.[6]

Buildings and health components

There are many different components that can support health and well-being in buildings.

Site selection

Site selection is an important factor in designing a building and ensuring positive health and environmental impacts. Creating a walkable environment that connects people to workplaces, green spaces, public transportation, fitness centers, and other basic needs and services can influence daily physical activity, “the distances people travel to work, the convenience of purchasing healthy foods, and the safety and attractiveness of neighborhoods for walking.”[7] In particular, proximity to green spaces (e.g., parks, walking trails, gardens, and etc.) or therapeutic landscapes can reduce absenteeism and improve well-being.[8]

Building design

There are many aspects of a building that can be designed to support positive health and well-being. For example, creating well-placed collaboration and social areas (e.g., break rooms, open collaboration areas, cafe spaces, courtyard gardens) can encourage social interaction and well-being. Quiet and wellness rooms can provide quiet zones or rooms that help improve well-being and mindfulness. Specifically, a designated lactation room can support nursing mothers by providing privacy and helping them return to work more easily. A lactation room is required for offices with more than 50 employees and recommended for all other offices.[9] Another design aspect to consider is biophilic design, which focuses on reconnecting people to the natural environment. Biophilic design has been linked to health outcomes such as stress reduction, enhanced mood, improved cognitive performance, enhanced social engagement, enhanced sleep, and enhanced movement.[10] Ergonomics can also minimize stress and strain on the body by providing ergonomically designed workstations.

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), "Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building’s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it."[11] IEQ is determined by many factors including indoor air quality (IAQ), temperature, lighting, and selection of building materials. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends three strategies to improve indoor air quality: source control, improved ventilation, and air cleaners.[12] Selecting low-emitting products and materials that reduce volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions is one way prevent indoor air pollution. Product characteristics to consider include durability, indoor air quality effects, material transparency, and health impact on building occupants.[13] Other aspects of IEQ that can improve health and well-being include thermal comfort, acoustic comfort, and integrated pest management (IPM).

Daylighting

Daylighting refers to providing access to natural daylight, which can be aesthetically pleasing and can reduce energy use. Light has a direct effect on human health because of how it affects circadian rhythms.[14] If daylighting is not available, supplemental electric lighting can help ensure occupants receive enough light for the entrainment of circadian rhythms.[15]

Diet

Providing access to water and healthy, nutritional food is essential to promoting health and a quality environment. The design of a building should take into consideration proximity to water and nutritional foods via cafeterias, vending machines, local stores and restaurants or farmers’ markets.[16][17]

Exercise

Site selection and building design can promote increased physical activity and exercise. Well-lit and accessible stairwells can provide building occupants the opportunity to increase regular physical activity. Fitness centers or an exercise room can encourage exercise during the work day, which can improve mood and performance, leading to improved focus and better work-based relationships.[18] Exercise can also be promoted by encouraging alternative means of transportation (e.g., cycling, walking, running) to and from the building. Providing facilities such as bicycle storage and locker/changing rooms can increase the appeal of cycling, walking, or running. Active workstations, such as of sit/stand desks, treadmill desks, or cycle desks, can encourage increased movement and exercise as well.

Occupant engagement

While some components of healthy buildings are inherently designed into the built environment, other components rely on the behavioral change of occupants, users, or organizations residing within the building. “Behavioral measures” can be taken to “encourage better public health outcomes: e.g., reducing sedentary behaviors by increasing access to stairways, using more active transportation options, and working at sit-to-stand desks.”[19] Other examples that can promote health and well-being include establishing workplace wellness programs, health promotion campaigns, and encouraging activity and collaboration.

Health and well-being in standards and rating systems

There are several international and governmental standards, guidelines, and building rating systems that incorporate health and well-being concepts[20]:

  • Fitwel[21]
  • WELL Building Standard[22]
  • Green Building Initiative (GBI) Green Globes
  • Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
  • ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2014, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings[23]
  • United States Department of Defense Unified Facilities Criteria Program[24]
  • General Services Administration Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (P-100)[25]

References

1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://sftool.gov/learn/about/576/buildings-health|title=Buildings and Health - GSA Sustainable Facilites Tool|last=|first=|date=|website=sftool.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-07}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/health/unhealthy-vs-healthy-office/index.html|title=Is your office making you unhealthy?|website=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-08-07}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Klepeis|first=N. E.|last2=Nelson|first2=W. C.|last3=Ott|first3=W. R.|last4=Robinson|first4=J. P.|last5=Tsang|first5=A. M.|last6=Switzer|first6=P.|last7=Behar|first7=J. V.|last8=Hern|first8=S. C.|last9=Engelmann|first9=W. H.|date=2001|title=The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants|journal=Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology|volume=11|issue=3|pages=231–252|doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500165|issn=1053-4245|pmid=11477521|via=}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usgbc.org/articles/healthy-buildings-and-healthy-people-next-generation-green-building|title=Healthy buildings and healthy people: The next generation of green building {{!}} U.S. Green Building Council|website=www.usgbc.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-07}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sftool.gov/plan/261/integrative-design-process|title=Integrative Design Process - GSA Sustainable Facilites Tool|last=|first=|date=|website=sftool.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-08}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbdg.org/resources/planning-and-conducting-integrated-design-id-charrettes|title=Planning and Conducting Integrated Design (ID) Charrettes {{!}} WBDG Whole Building Design Guide|website=www.wbdg.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-08}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.preventioninstitute.org/publications/strategies-for-enhancing-the-built-environment-to-support-healthy-eating-and-active-living|title=Strategies for Enhancing the Built Environment to Support Healthy Eating and Active Living|last=|first=|date=|website=www.preventioninstitute.org|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-08}}
8. ^{{Cite journal|date=2012-11-01|title=Encountering place: A psychoanalytic approach for understanding how therapeutic landscapes benefit health and wellbeing|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1353829212001293|journal=Health & Place|language=en|volume=18|issue=6|pages=1381–1387|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.07.002|issn=1353-8292}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.dol.gov/whd/nursingmothers/faqBTNM.htm|title=Faqs - Break Time for Nursing Mothers - Wage and Hour Division (WHD) - U.S. Department of Labor|website=www.dol.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-08-07}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sftool.gov/learn/about/580/biophilic-design|title=Biophilic Design - GSA Sustainable Facilites Tool|last=|first=|date=|website=sftool.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-07}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/default.html|title=CDC - Indoor Environmental Quality - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic|date=2017-12-11|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-08-09}}
12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/improving-indoor-air-quality|title=Improving Indoor Air Quality {{!}} US EPA|last=EPA,OAR,ORIA,IED|first=US|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2018-08-09}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbdg.org/resources/evaluating-and-selecting-green-products|title=Evaluating and Selecting Green Products {{!}} WBDG Whole Building Design Guide|website=www.wbdg.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-09}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|last=Figueiro|first=Mariana G|last2=Rea|first2=Mark S|last3=Bullough|first3=John D|date=2006-08-10|title=Does architectural lighting contribute to breast cancer?|journal=Journal of Carcinogenesis|volume=5|pages=20|doi=10.1186/1477-3163-5-20|issn=1477-3163|pmc=1557490|pmid=16901343}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/office-of-governmentwide-policy/office-of-federal-highperformance-buildings/projects-and-research/building-research/circadian-light-for-your-health|title=Circadian Light For Your Health|website=www.gsa.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-08-09}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://fitwel.org/standard|title=Standard {{!}} Fitwel|website=fitwel.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-09}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://standard.wellcertified.com/nourishment?_ga=2.169976551.67290029.1533775794-912338317.1532549105|title=Nourishment {{!}} WELL Standard|website=standard.wellcertified.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-09}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Coulson|first=J.C.|last2=McKenna|first2=Jim|last3=Field|first3=M|date=2008-09-26|title=Exercising at work and self-reported work performance|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235275530_Exercising_at_work_and_self-reported_work_performance|journal=International Journal of Workplace Health Management|volume=1|issue=3|pages=176–197|doi=10.1108/17538350810926534}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/about-us/organization/office-of-governmentwide-policy/office-of-federal-highperformance-buildings/policy/green-building-advisory-committee/advice-letters-and-resolutions|title=Green Building Advisory Committee - Advice Letter and Report: Recommendations for Adoption of Health and Wellness Policies for Federal Facilities|last=|first=|date=|website=www.gsa.gov|language=en-us|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-07}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sftool.gov/learn/crosswalk|title=GBAC Crosswalk - GSA Sustainable Facilites Tool|last=|first=|date=|website=sftool.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-07}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://fitwel.org|title=Fitwel|last=|first=|date=|website=fitwel.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-17}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wellcertified.com/en/explore-standard|title=International WELL Building Institute|last=|first=|date=|website=wellcertified.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-17}}
23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-189-1|title=Standard 189.1|last=|first=|date=|website=ashrae.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-17}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbdg.org/ffc/dod|title=Department of Defense Unified Facilities Criteria Program|last=|first=|date=|website=wbdg.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-17}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.gsa.gov/real-estate/design-construction/engineering-and-architecture/facilities-standards-p100-overview|title=Facilities Standards (P100) Overview|last=|first=|date=|website=gsa.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-08-17}}

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