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词条 Hearing protection fit-testing
释义

  1. Fit-testing methods

      Real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT)    Microphone-in-real-ear (MIRE)    Loudness balance  

  2. Personal attenuation rating (PAR)

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{short description|Test for determining the effectiveness hearing protection devices}}Hearing protector fit-testing, also known as field attenuation estimation system (FAES), determines how effective a hearing protection device is for an individual when worn correctly. This is typically carried out using one of the available fit-testing hardware and software systems. The effectiveness is measured as a personal attenuation rating (PAR) which is subtracted from the known noise exposure to estimate the total noise exposure a single person has when wearing the tested hearing protection device (HPD).[1]

Hearing protection devices such as earplugs or earmuffs must be worn correctly for the wearer to be protected from noise.[2] Correct use of hearing protection includes:

  • Choosing the most appropriate hearing protection device, both with appropriate level of attenuation and appropriate fit for the individual.[3] Ideally, the device should limit the sound intensity that reaches the ear to levels below 85 dBA. If the attenuation does not limit the noise levels to that level, other alternatives should be sought. If the attenuation is greater than that, it can also interfere with the HPD use.[4]
  • Wearing or inserting the hearing protection device correctly so it seals the wearer's ear canal, using the "roll-pull-hold" method for foam earplugs, and ensuring earmuffs create a seal around each ear.[5]

Fit-testing hearing protection ensures both an appropriate choice of hearing protection, and allows for the professional administering the fit-test to train proper techniques for wear.[1][6][7][8][9][10]

Fit-testing methods

Although all fit-testing systems assess hearing protection devices to give a resulting personal attenuation rating, there are a few different types of technology that have been developed, with real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT) as the established standard under ANSI/ASA S12.6. It is important to note that the outcome measure generated by each system varies from a simple pass/fail to a quantitative personal attenuation rating (PAR) and can be interpreted differently to determine the effectiveness of hearing protection or calculate total noise exposure.[11]

Real-ear attenuation at threshold (REAT)

REAT is the most commonly used type of fit-testing technology used in commercial systems, and is considered the "gold standard" for fit-testing. REAT technology measures the difference in auditory (hearing) thresholds without hearing protection (unoccluded) and with hearing protection (occluded). Most REAT systems use a subjective measure to determine auditory thresholds much like a hearing test where the subject indicates when sound is heard at various frequencies. For earmuffs this must be tested in an acoustic chamber, however for earplugs, headphones can be used, making the test easier for commercial use.[11]

Microphone-in-real-ear (MIRE)

Also referred to as F-MIRE (field microphone in real ear). This method measures attenuation by placing a small microphone inside the ear canal while hearing protection is worn. Sound pressure levels (SPL) are measured inside and outside of the ear simultaneously and used to calculate a PAR.[12]

Loudness balance

This method first has the subject listen to tones with headphones and "match" loudness between both ears until tones sound equally loud on both sides. Then an earplug is placed in one ear while the baseline procedure is repeated to match loudness in both ears, then the procedure is repeated a third time so both ears are tested individually with earplugs. This calculates a personal attenuation rating based on the loudness of the sound delivered to the unprotected ear when it matches the protected ear. [12]

Personal attenuation rating (PAR)

Similar to a noise reduction rating (NRR) required on hearing protection devices in the United States, a personal attenuation rating (PAR) is subtracted from the measured noise exposure to estimate the total noise exposure an individual is receiving when wearing hearing protection. However, the PAR is regarded as more accurate than the NRR because it is calculated per individual and per hearing protection device, while NRR is a generalized estimate of potential sound reduction based on the protection provided to a small population of people.[13]

See also

  • Noise health effects
  • Hearing conservation programs

References

1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2007/10/Fit-Testing-of-Hearing-Protectors.aspx?Page=1|title=Fit Testing of Hearing Protectors |last=Witt |first=Brad | name-list-format = vanc |date=2007|website=Occupational Health and Safety |access-date=2018-12-28}}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ntlhakana L, Kanji A and Khoza-Shangase K.|date=2015|title=The use of hearing protection devices in South Africa: exploring the current status in a gold and a non-ferrous mine|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275639377|journal=Occupational Health Southern Africa|volume=21|pages=10–15|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2018/10/24/hearing-protection/|title=Three Tips for Choosing the Right Hearing Protector|first=William J. |last=Murphy |first2=Christa L. |last2=Themann |first3=Chucri A. |last3=Kardous |first4=David C. |last4=Byrne | name-list-format = vanc |date=2018-10-24 |website=NIOSH Science Blog |access-date=2018-12-28}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Svensson|first=Eva B.|last2=Morata|first2=Thais C.|last3=Nylén|first3=Per|last4=Krieg|first4=Edward F.|last5=Johnson|first5=Ann-Christin|date=2004-11-11|title=Beliefs and attitudes among Swedish workers regarding the risk of hearing loss|journal=International Journal of Audiology|volume=43|issue=10|pages=585–593|issn=1499-2027|pmid=15724523|doi=10.1080/14992020400050075}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2008/05/12/quickfit/|title=Are your ears really protected? Find out with NIOSH's QuickFitWeb|date=2008-05-12|website=NIOSH Science Blog |access-date=2018-12-28}}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Murphy WJ, Themann CL, Murata TK | title = Hearing protector fit testing with off-shore oil-rig inspectors in Louisiana and Texas | journal = International Journal of Audiology | volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 688–98 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27414471 | pmc = 5333758 | doi = 10.1080/14992027.2016.1204470 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hager LD | title = Fit-testing hearing protectors: an idea whose time has come | journal = Noise & Health | volume = 13 | issue = 51 | pages = 147–51 | pmid = 21368440 | doi = 10.4103/1463-1741.77217 | year = 2011 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Schulz TY | title = Individual fit-testing of earplugs: a review of uses | journal = Noise & Health | volume = 13 | issue = 51 | pages = 152–62 | pmid = 21368441 | doi = 10.4103/1463-1741.77216 | year = 2011 }}
9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Smith|first=Pegeen S.|last2=Monaco|first2=Barbara A.|last3=Lusk|first3=Sally L.|date=2014-12-10|title=Attitudes toward Use of Hearing Protection Devices and Effects of an Intervention on Fit-Testing Results|journal=Workplace Health & Safety|language=en|volume=62|issue=12|pages=491–499|doi=10.3928/21650799-20140902-01|pmid=25207586|issn=2165-0799}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Gong|first=Wei|last2=Liu|first2=Xin|last3=Liu|first3=Yufei|last4=Li|first4=Ling|date=2019-03-16|title=Evaluating the effect of training along with fit testing on foam earplug users in four factories in China|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14992027.2018.1563307|journal=International Journal of Audiology|language=en|pages=1–9|doi=10.1080/14992027.2018.1563307|issn=1499-2027}}
11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://blog.ansi.org/2016/11/ansiasa-s126-2016-attenuation-hearing-protectors/#gref|title=ANSI/ASA S12.6-2016 – Real-Ear Attenuation of Hearing Protectors|last=Kelechava|first=Brad | name-list-format = vanc |date=2016-11-21|website=American National Standards Institute |access-date=2019-02-20}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://ohsonline.com/Articles/2006/06/Fit-Testing-Ear-Plugs.aspx?Page=4|title=Fit Testing Ear Plugs|last=Hager|first=Lee | name-list-format = vanc |date=2006-06-01|website=Occupational Health and Safety|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-19}}
13. ^{{Cite web |url= http://www.caohc.org/updatearticles/winter2013.pdf?version=012914 |title=Comparing personal attenuation ratings for hearing protector fit-test systems |last=Murphy |first=William | name-list-format = vanc |date=2013|website=Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation |access-date=2018-12-28}}

External links

  • [https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/2017-10-20 OSHA's Letter of interpretation on hearing protection fit-testing]

3 : Occupational safety and health|Hearing loss|Audiology
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