“Henning Alexander von Kleist”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Henning Alexander von Kleist (1676/77–1749) was an 18th-century Prussian field marshal. He fought in the War of Spanish Succession, the Great Northern War, and in the Wars of Austrian Succession. In particular, his actions at the Battle of Mollwitz brought him acclaim, although he had long been a stalwart supporter of Prussian military developments by the Prussian kings Frederick (1740–1786) and Frederick William I (1713–1740).

Family

Kleist belonged to an old Pomeranian family that stemmed from the year 1175, and the family served the Duke Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania in his wars. In the 14th century, the family divided into three lines, from three brothers. The oldest line was Dubberow-Tuchow line, the Muttrin-Damen line, and the third, Bilnow-Raddatz, which ended in 1784.^[1] In total, the Kleist line produced more than 19 generals, and an assortment of poets, inventors, scientists, and philosophers.^[2]

Henning Alexander von Kleist was born on 4 May in 1676 or 1677^[3] in Raddatz in Pomerania. He was the third son of Joachim Daniel von Kleist. and his first wife, Maria Catherine von Ramel.^[4]

His father married three times. The first wife, Maria Catherine von Ramel,18 May 1644, 1672 married, and died 3 January 1685. She was the second daughter of Heinrich von Ramel and Else Sophia von Münchow, from Bulgrin.^[5] She bore four sons, and one daughter:

Military service

Kleist served in the Prussian military during the reigns of three kings: Frederick I, Frederick William I, and Frederick the Great. He joined the Prussian military in the Alt-Anhalt Regiment in 1698 or 1699, and saw active service continuously from the War of Spanish Succession, which began in 1701, until the Peace of Utrecht in 1713: he served in campaigns in the Netherlands, France and the Italian states under the command of Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, known as the Old Dessauer (der alte Dessauer). Consequently, he learned the military craft under the leadership of one of the foremost infantry commanders of the age.^[10] He fought at the memorable Battle of Blenheim in 1704 in the wing commanded by Prince Eugene of Savoy. During the 1704 campaign, he also saw action under the leadership of the legendary Türken-Louis. After the victories in southern Germany, his regiment went to northern Italy, where it participated in the fighting of Cassano in 1705. He also helped to break the siege at Turin in 1706, as part of the relief column that attacked the French army. Subsequently, he served in the Great Northern War (1705–1721), and participated in the lengthy Siege of Stralsund (1711–15). He acquired the patent as Chief (Inhaber) of his regiment in 1718, which he held until retirement in 1723.^[1]

In 1726 he was recalled to service by Frederick William I. In 1730 he acquired the patent as proprietor of the Old Prussian Infantry Regiment, which, in 1806 became regiment No. 26. He held that patent until his death in 1749. During the decade of the 1730s, he was in regular communication with the then-Prince Frederick, and became one of his trusted commanders.^[11]

During the War of Austrian Succession, in 1741 as a lieutenant general he commanded the city Kolberg. As a participant in the Battle of Mollwitz, his infantry regiment not only held its line despite the flight of the Prussian cavalry, but subsequently attacked the Austrian line with such ferocity that he and his soldiers received special mention in Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin's report. He was wounded in the fighting.^[12] The regiment's actions here reflected the iron training imposed by the prince of Anhalt Dessau on his subordinates, and their subsequent training of their own regiments. In addition, the Prussian infantry benefited not only from the discipline of drill but also the latest in military technology; unlike their Austrian counterparts, they had iron ramrods which allowed them to fire faster and more accurately.^[13] After the battle, he was made a Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle on 15 April 1741, and later awarded the Order Pour le Mérite. During the Silesian Wars, in 1744 he acquired as war booty the gold-plated carriage originally belonging to Jan Sobieski; Kleist gave the carriage to his local church.^[1]

In 1745 Kleist was promoted to General of Infantry and two years later, in 1747, to field marshal, at the conclusion of a grand troop revue. He was promoted at the same time as Count Friedrich Ludwig, Graf zu Dohna-Carwinden, von Kalckstein (Frederick's educator and lifelong Councillor), Joachim Christof von Jeetze and Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau.^[12] He became ill in 1749; von Kleist died on 22 August, at age of 73.^[1]

Descendants

Kleist married Albertine Marie von Biedersee, daughter of Georg Burchardt of Biedersee from Ilberstädt, who died on 23 June 1731 in Rindbett. She bore him seven sons and three daughters.^[1]^[14]

Other family

His nephew, also named Henning Alexander von Kleist, the son of his sister Maria Katharine (married Johan Daniel von Kleist), also served in the Prussian military (1724–?.)^[20]

Notes and citations

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵Artikel, Kleist, Henning Alexander von“ von Heinrich Kypke in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 16 (1882), S. 150–151, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, [https://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Kleist,_Henning_Alexander_von&oldid=2234354 von Kleist](Version vom 26. September 2015, 20:02 Uhr UTC)
2. ^Allgemeine encyklopädie der wissenschaften und künste, [https://books.google.com/books?id=j71FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=Henning+Alexander+von+Kleist&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA2oVChMIipCl_LefyAIVBlweCh0YYA8a#v=onepage&q=Henning%20Alexander%20von%20Kleist&f=false Kleist Geschlecht]. F.A. Brockhaus, 1885, pp. 34–35.
3. ^Birthdate is disputed and also given as 1676.
4. ^She was the second daughter of Heinrich von Ramel and Else Sophia von Münchow, from Bulgrin. She died before 1688, and her husband subsequently remarried. See Gustav Kratz, L. Quandt, G. H. KypkeGeschichte des Geschlechts von Kleist - Villnow-Raddatzer Linie. 79–81.
5. ^Gustav Kratz, L. Quandt, G. H. KypkeGeschichte des Geschlechts von Kleist - Villnow-Raddatzer Linie. 79–81.
6. ^Kratz, p. 81.
7. ^Kratz, p. 79.
8. ^¹Kratz, p. 94.
9. ^Kratz, p. 94.
10. ^Hans Bleckwenn, Die friderizianischen Uniformen: 1753–1786. In: Die bibliophilen Taschenbücher. Nr. 444, Hardenberg, Dortmund 1984, {{ISBN|3-88379-444-9}} (Lizenz d. Biblio-Verl. Osnabrück als: Das altpreussische Heer; Teil 3, Bd. 3, 4 u. 5). Band I, S. 61ff.
11. ^Frederick wrote his father that he had visited Kleist and that the colonel was sick with a chest cold. See Fridericus II. rex Borussiae, Friedrichs des Großen, Briefe an seinen Vater geschrieben, in den Jahren 1732–1737... Ernst Siegfried Mittler, 1838, [https://books.google.com/books?id=istRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA122&dq=Henning+Alexander+von+kleist&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CF0Q6AEwCTgUahUKEwi3haqLtprIAhXMIJAKHbzMCHI#v=onepage&q=Henning%20Alexander%20von%20kleist&f=false p. 122]
12. ^¹Julius Mebes. Beiträge zur Geschichte des brandenburgisch-preußischen Staates ..., Lüderitz, 1861, Volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ki8CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA317&dq=Henning+Alexander+von+kleist&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CE0Q6AEwB2oVChMI4dr-qKqayAIVhVseCh06sgja#v=onepage&q=Henning%20Alexander%20von%20kleist&f=false p. 317].
13. ^David T. Zabecki, Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO, 2014. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA757&dq=Leopold+I,+Prince+of+Anhalt-Dessau&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwBGoVChMI3dzG-f2cyAIVzF4eCh1PxAmQ#v=onepage&q=Leopold%20I%2C%20Prince%20of%20Anhalt-Dessau&f=false p. 757].
14. ^Gustav Kratz, L. Quandt, G. H. KypkeGeschichte des Geschlechts von Kleist - Villnow-Raddatzer Linie. 90–91.
15. ^¹²Kratz, p. 96.
16. ^On 13 January 1718, the father wrote to the king from Halle, "As one son is taken from me, another one fills his place. " The King served as godfather of the child.
17. ^Kratz, pp. 96–97.
18. ^¹Kratz, p. 98
19. ^Kratz, pp. 98–99.
20. ^¹Anton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789, [https://books.google.com/books?id=00xFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA280&lpg=PA280&dq=Henning+Alexander+von+Kleist+%E2%80%A2&source=bl&ots=v6BXo2IRvD&sig=voQAlSMfpbYIFtHgTQBmeY-TpWo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBmoVChMIxpSrt8GVyAIVBVo-Ch3KlQCl#v=onepage&q=Henning%20Alexander%20von%20Kleist%20%E2%80%A2&f=false pp. 275–276]. Accessed 26 September 2015.