| 词条 | Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No |
| 释义 |
| italic title = Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No | name = Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No | image = | image_size = | caption = Sidney Hook, author of the 1953 book Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No]] | alt = | author = Sidney Hook | title_orig = | orig_lang_code = | title_working = | translator = | illustrator = | cover_artist = | country = United States | language = English | series = | subject = Academic freedom | genre = Non-fiction | publisher = John Day Company | published = May 1953 | media_type = Print | pages = 283 | awards = | isbn = | oclc = | dewey = | congress = | preceded_by = | followed_by = | wikisource = | exclude_cover = }}Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No was a 283-page anti-communist book by New York University philosophy professor Sidney Hook, which John Day Company, published in May 1953, about conflicts between support for Communism and for academic freedom in America.[1] The book became "perhaps the most influential justification for firing Communists and suspected Communists from university and schools in the early 1950s" during McCarthyism.[2] HistoryThe book began as a full-page article in the New York Times weekend magazine called "Heresy, Yes–But Conspiracy, No," published on July 9, 1950.[3] After formation of the American Committee for Cultural Freedom, spearheaded by Hook, he had the group publish a 29-page pamphlet with the slightly varied title Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No!.[4]) ContentDedicationHook dedicated the book to :
ChaptersThe book's comprise a number of essay written by Hook between 1950 (the original article) and the book's May 1953 publication date. Hook had published various chapters earlier in the New York Times, Commentary, the Journal of Philosophy, and the Journal of Higher Education, the American Mercury, School and Society (1939-1946,a journal edited by William Bagley (educator)), the Saturday Evening Post, and the New Leader.[1] (Possible or same-name sources, derived from cross-check with Hook's papers, appear below in parentheses): Introduction
ApproachHook sets out to deal with academic freedom, a topic "bound to displease two articulate groups whose influence is out of all proportion to their numbers"[1]:
Compounding conflicts between these two groups, Hook notes, are government officials who suffer from either "mediocre intelligence" or the "most extraordinary of the nature of the international Communist movement," an example of whose decisions are the Truman Doctrine (i.e., Hook is criticizing New Deal/Fair Deal officials under Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman). QuotesHook divided the book into two parts, each of which begins with quotes from his choice of most relevant examples:
ConclusionHook concludes: The chief evil from which the schools suffer is not communism but community neglect, and the failure to make the common and special needs of the individual personality their supreme concern. Whatever the responsibilities of the schools to a democratic society, the responsibilities of a democratic society to its schools are more basic and more numerous. These responsibilities have not been adequately discharged. The need for more schools and better schools, more teachers and better teachers and better-paid teachers, grows. The perennial need for educational thinking, for a continuously held philosophy of education, has become more acute in the long war for survival and freedom into which we have already entered. The task of American educators is to integrate the insights of liberal thinks from Socrates to John Dewey, as well as the insights born of wider scientific knowledge, into a coherent philosophy to make the practice of education meaningful, excellent, joyful, and free.[1] Reception and criticismIn 1953, Robert E. Fitch wrote in Commentary that Hook's book showed "balance and reasonableness" and also its "courage" for including teachers themselves in its criticisms. It includes a "sharp indictment" of the American Association of University Professors' Committee on Academic Freedom and Tenure for what Fitch calls its "failure to cope realistically with the problem of Communist infiltration." Fitch agrees with Hook that Communist affiliation means "active participation in a conspiracy" and thereby renders a teacher "unfit" to teach. He notes Hook's assertion that "college and university teachers constituted the strongest and most influential group of Communist fellow-travelers in the United States" and agrees with Hook's recommendation that such teachers receive individual care and consideration.[9] In 1980, Victor Navasky acknowledged Hook as the "most articulate proponent" of the "doctrine of conspiracy" of the Communist Party USA. He called the book a "bible for liberals unwilling to fight for the rights of Communists."[10] In 1997, Christopher Phelps wrote, "Hook was a leading figure in the creation of a repressive, censorious atmosphere in higher education, carried out, naturally, under the guise of cultural freedom." Further, he stated that his book "became perhaps the most influential justification for firing Communists and suspected Communists from university and schools in the early 1950s..." He noted that, despite an effort at even-handedness, in fact Hook sided with "Cultural Vigilantes" and wound up criticizing them not for their understanding of Communism but their "blundering methods" of eradicating it from school.[2] In 2004, Matthew J. Cotter argued appreciation for the nuance of Hook's position. Hook had recommended suspension, not removal of teachers once their Part membership become known, followed by inquiry. However, Cotter challenges Hook's "exaggerated sense of threat posed by Communist conspiracy among American teachers. If one accepts Hook's premise that Communist conspiracy did involve some American teachers, then Cotter deemed Hook's approach to have "no democratic failing." Hook clearly called for a third of four steps in his process of inquiry, such that prima facie evidence of Communist Party membership should not result in automatic dismissal." In this analysis, Cotter notes his own agreement with similar findings by Robert Talisse.[11] In 2015, Edward S. Shapiro commented, "The bulk of Hook's writings in the 1950s, most notably Heresy, Yes– Conspiracy, No! (1953), sought to undo the damage done by McCarthyism."[12] Reconsideration by HookIn his memoir Out of Step, Hook wrote "Even though I believed that membership in the [CP] rendered an individual unfit... to be a member of the teaching staff, I did not believe that the mere fact of membership should result in automatic dismissal."[13][11] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book| first = Sidney| last = Hook| authorlink = Sidney Hook| title = Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No| publisher = John Day Company| url = https://lccn.loc.gov/63006587| pages = 9-13 (two groups), 13 (publications), 278 (conclusion)| date = 1953| accessdate = 3 September 2018}} {{edu-book-stub}}2. ^1 {{cite book | last = Phelps | first = Christopher | authorlink = Christopher Phelps | title = Young Sidney Hook: Marxist and Pragmatist | publisher = Cornell University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-TjM9LkenNwC | pages = 227 | date = 1997 | accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 3. ^{{cite book| first = Sidney| last = Hook| authorlink = Sidney Hook| title = Heresy, Yes–But Conspiracy, No!| publisher = New York Times| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1950/07/09/archives/hersey-yesbut-conspiracy-no-the-crisis-arising-from-ideological.html| pages = | date = 1950| accessdate = 3 September 2018}} 4. ^{{cite book| first = Sidney| last = Hook| authorlink = Sidney Hook| title = Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No!| publisher = American Committee for Cultural Freedom| url = https://lccn.loc.gov/52036000| pages = 29| date = 1952| accessdate = 3 September 2018}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web| title = Register of the Sidney Hook papers| publisher = Hoover Institution Archives| url = https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5n39n7hn/entire_text/| date = | accessdate = 14 October 2018}} 6. ^{{cite journal| first = John| last = Dewey| authorlink = John Dewey| title = Democracy and Educational Administration| journal = School and Society| url = https://wolfweb.unr.edu/homepage/lafer/dewey%20dewey.htm| pages = 457-67| date = 3 April 1937| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web| title = New School Bulletin| publisher = New School Digital Archives| url = http://digitalarchives.library.newschool.edu/index.php/Detail/collections/NS030102| date = | accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 8. ^{{cite book| first = Sidney| last = Hook| authorlink = Sidney Hook| title = Convictions| publisher = Prometheus Books| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ER_KzxMWC2QC| pages = 110| date = 1990| accessdate = 3 September 2018}} 9. ^{{cite journal| first = Robert E.| last = Fitch| title = Freedom and Responsibility (Books in Review)| journal = Commentary| url = https://search.proquest.com/openview/a3610686cb1cb091350ed1761ea6d945/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816616| date = 1 January 1953| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book| first = Victor S.| last = Navasky| title = Naming names| publisher = Viking Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KHpYAAAAMAAJ| pages = | date = 1980| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 11. ^1 {{cite book| editor = Matthew J. Cotter| title = Sidney Hook Reconsidered| publisher = Prometheus Books| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1d8rmxckQsC| pages = 124 (reasonbale), 127 (fn14), 136| date = 2004| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book | first = Edward S.| last = Shapiro | authorlink = Edward S. Shapiro | title = Letters of Sidney Hook: Democracy, Communism and the Cold War: Democracy, Communism and the Cold War | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yp1zCQAAQBAJ| pages = 145 | date = 20 May 2015| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 13. ^{{cite book| first = Sidney| last = Hook| authorlink = Sidney Hook| title = Heresy, Yes–Conspiracy, No| publisher = John Day Company| url = https://lccn.loc.gov/63006587| pages = 9-13 (two groups), 13 (publications), 278 (conclusion)| date = 1953| accessdate = 23 November 2018}} 9 : 1953 books|Books about education|Philosophy of education|American political philosophy literature|Contemporary philosophical literature|Books about democracy|Books in political philosophy|Humanism|Humanist literature |
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