| 词条 | Herklotsichthys punctatus |
| 释义 |
| taxon = Herklotsichthys punctatus | authority = (Rüppell, 1837) | image = Clupea punctata - 1835 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ15100064 (cropped).tif | status = | status_system = | status_ref = | synonyms ={{Specieslist |Clupea punctata |Rüppell, 1837 |Harengula arabica|Valenciennes, 1847 |Spratella erythraea|, Rüppell, 1852 | synonyms_ref = [1] }} Herklotsichthys punctatus, the spotback herring or spotted herring, is a species of herring from the family Clupeidae from the western Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and more recently the Levantine Sea in the eastern Mediterranean Sea by Lessepsian migration via the Suez Canal. DescriptionHerklotsichthys punctatus is a small silvery fish which shows a moderate degree of compression on the body which is said to resemble juveniles of Sardinella spp. The belly has a sharp keel of scutes. The posterior margin of the gill slit has two distinct fleshy outgrowths; there are few gill raker with 29–39 on the lower part of the first arch.[2] There are 3–6 streaks on the top of the head and prominent rows of teeth on the roof of the mouth.[2] There are 8 rays on the pelvic fin,[2] while the dorsal fin has 13–21 soft rays and the anal fin has 12–23 soft rays.[3] The back is blueish-green with numerous small black spots, the flanks have a golden or orange mid=lateral line, the underside is silvery. It grows to 8.5 cm, but is more usually 5–7 cm in length.[4]DistributionHerklotsichthys punctatus is distributed in the western Indian Ocean: Red Sea and possibly the Gulf of Aden but this species and other species of Herklotsichthys have been confused, especially Herklotsichthys quadrimaculatus.[3] It was first recorded in the Mediterranean in 1974 in the Bardawil Lagoon near Port Said[5] and is now common in the Levantine Sea, the eastern basin of the Mediterranean,[4][2][6] and reached Libyan waters by the mid 2000s.[7]BiologyHerklotsichthys punctatus is a pelagic and neritic species which van be found from the surface to 20m in depth.[6] It is a sociable species which forms schools in coastal waters[3] H. punctatus feeds almost entirely on zooplankton which it forages for in the upper layers of the water column. Copepods are the main prey followed by euphausiid and megalopa with the remainder of the diet being made up of the larvae of Penaeus prawns, mysids, Lucifer prawns, pelagic gastropods and fish. Feeding was most intense during the south-west monsoon from June to September and during the early hours of the day rather than during the afternoon hours. Smaller fish to 90 mm feed mainly on smaller organisms such as copepods. Larger fish prey on larger organisms such as fish and pelagic gastropods. Mature fish show an intense feeding activity in the months of April and August–September which immediately precede the spawning seasons of this fish.[8]Human useHerklotsichthys punctatus is of minor commercial importance fisheries, fished for using trawls and seines[6] in the Mediterranean but with low price reliability[9] the marketing opportunities are limited.[2] It may be marketed as fresh fish, or it is preserved by drying and dry salting or it is made into fish balls.[3]NamingHerklotsichthys punctatus was described by the German zoologist Eduard Rüppell in 1837. The generic name Herklotsichthys was coined by the Australian ichthyologist Gilbert Percy Whitley in 1951 [10] and honours the Dutch zoologist Jan Adrianus Herklots,[3] while the specific name punctata refers to the spots.[11]References1. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.fishbase.se/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=1493&SynCode=23542&GenusName=Herklotsichthys&SpeciesName=punctatus | title = Synonyms of Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837) | accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = Fishbase}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2218333}}2. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.marinealien.sinanet.isprambiente.it/uploads/Herklotsichthys%20punctatus.pdf | language = Italian | title = Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837) | publisher = Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web | url = http://www.fishbase.se/summary/1493 | title = Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837)| accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = Fishbase | editor1 = R. Froese | editor2 = D. Pauly | year = 2016 | author1 = Crispina B. Binohlan | author2 = Nicolas Bailly}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=fnam&id=1236 | title = Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean: Spotted herring (Herklotsichthys punctatus) | accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = ETI Bioinformatics | author = J.C Hureau | work = Marine Species Identification Portal}} 5. ^{{cite journal | url = http://fishbull.noaa.gov/76-1/bentuvia.pdf | author = Ben Tuvia | year = 1978 | title = Immigration of Fishes through the Suez Canal | journal = Fishery Bulletin | volume = 76 |issue = 1 | pages = 249–255}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://pescalibano.cnrs.edu.lb/media/atlas/Herklotsichthys%20punctatus.pdf | title = Herklotsichthys punctatus (Rüppell, 1837) | accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = Pesco Libano Project}} 7. ^{{cite journal | author1 = Esmaile A. Shakman | author2 = Ragnar Kinzelbach | year = 2007 | title = Distribution and characterization of Lessepsian migrant fishes along the coast of Libya | url = http://www.aiep.pl/volumes/2000/7_1/pdf/02_771_FULLTEXT_Shakman_and_Kinzelbach_.pdf | journal = Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria | volume = 37 | issue = 1 | pages = 7–15}} 8. ^{{cite journal | author = R. Marichamy | year = 1970 | title = Food and feeding habits of the spotted herring, Herklotsichthys punctatus (Ruppell) From the Andaman sea | url = http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/1573/1/Article_19.pdf | journal = Indian Journal of Fisheries | volume =17 | issue = 1&2 | pages = 159–168}} 9. ^{{cite web | url = http://eol.org/pages/206581/details | title = Herklotsichthys punctatus |accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = Encyclopedia of Life}} 10. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125719| title = Herklotsichthys Whitley, 1951 | accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = World Register of Marine Species | author = N. Bailly | year = 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://latin-dictionary.net/definition/32310/punctatus-punctata-punctatum | title = Latin definition for: punctatus, punctata, punctatum | accessdate = 19 March 2017 | publisher = Kevin D. Mahoney}} 6 : Clupeidae|Fish of the Red Sea|Fish of the Indian Ocean|Fish of the Mediterranean Sea|Fish described in 1837|Taxa named by Eduard Rüppell |
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