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词条 Heterodox Academy
释义

  1. History

  2. Membership

  3. Goals and outreach

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

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|founder = Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz and Jonathan Haidt
| leader_title = Executive Director
| leader_name = Debra Meshek[1]
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|location = New York
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Heterodox Academy is an advocacy group of professors to counteract what they see as narrowing of political viewpoints on college campuses. The group publishes a college ranking guide which rates the top 150 universities in the United States based on their commitment to diversity of viewpoint.

History

While giving a talk at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Jonathan Haidt asked the 1000-person audience to raise their hands to show their political alignment, and estimated that, while 80% signified they were liberals, only three identified as conservative. He observed that, in similar situations, such a disparity is usually attributed to discrimination or a hostile climate.[1] Haidt's talk was widely-discussed among his colleagues, and he took a particular interest in a post by José Duarte, then a grad student at the University of Arizona. The two decided to collaborate on a research study of political diversity within their field, along with other interested colleagues Jarret T. Crawford, Charlotta Stern, Lee Jussim, and Philip E. Tetlock. Their paper, "Political diversity will improve social psychological science", was published in the January 2015 edition of Behavioral and Brain Sciences.[2][3][4]

Around the time of the paper's release, Haidt was contacted by Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz, a Georgetown University law professor, who shared a talk he'd given to an association of legal scholars called the Federalist Society in which Rosenkranz had discussed a similar disparity in intellectual diversity within his field. The two met in New York and decided to start an association of faculty which would support political diversity. It was Rosenkranz that suggested the name "Heterodox Academy". They invited Haidt's co-authors from the research study, as well as Chris Martin from Emory University, who had also published an article on the subject. Initial funding for the group came from the Richard Lounsbery Foundation and The Achelis and Bodman Foundation.[2][5]

The Heterodox Academy website was launched with 25 members in September 2015. In the wake of campus freedom of speech controversies such as those surrounding Erika Christakis at Yale and the 2015–16 University of Missouri protests, the membership grew and the website became "a clearinghouse for data and views on academic bias, scientific integrity, and the latest campus free-speech flaps."[2]

In June 2018, Heterodox Academy held an inaugural Open Mind Conference in New York City, featuring several academic guests recently involved in campus free speech or viewpoint diversity issues, like Robert Zimmer, Lucía Martínez Valdivia, Allison Stanger, Alice Dreger, and Heather Heying.[6][7][8]

Membership

Membership was initially open to tenured and pre-tenure professors, but has been expanded to adjunct professors, graduate students, and postdoctorals. The group has a selective membership application process, which has led to the rejection of a few undesirable applicants. They also actively recruit to address imbalances toward any particular political ideology. In July 2017, the group had 800 members from across the political spectrum and located throughout the USA and internationally.[2][9] The smallest number of members are those that consider themselves conservative/right; most are moderates/centrists, liberals, or progressives.[10]

By February 2018, over 1500 college professors had joined Heterodox Academy, along with a couple hundred graduate students.[11] As of February 2019, the organization reported that it had over 2,600 academic members and over 350 graduate affiliates.[12]

Notable members of the Heterodox Academy include:

{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
  • Jonathan Haidt (founder, social psychologist)[2]
  • Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz (founder, law professor)[2]
  • Debra Mashek (executive director, psychology professor)[11][8][1]
  • Lee Jussim (social psychologist)[5]
  • Philip E. Tetlock (political science writer and professor)[5]
  • John McWhorter (linguistics professor)[8][26][5]
  • Daniel Gilbert (social psychologist)[5]
  • Steven Pinker (cognitive psychologist)[8][5]
  • Nadine Strossen (law professor, former president of the ACLU)[8][6]
  • Vernon Smith (economist, Nobel Prize winner)[6]
  • Jack Citrin (political scientist)[9]
  • Nicholas A. Christakis (sociologist)[9]
  • Robert P. George (legal scholar)[8]

}}

Goals and outreach

Heterodox Academy's goal is to broaden the diversity of opinions on college and university campuses.[9][13] The group's website describes its outlook and its rationale for their mission as follows: "When nearly everyone in a field shares the same political orientation, certain ideas become orthodoxy, dissent is discouraged, and errors can go unchallenged."[14]

To directly engage students, the Heterodox Academy created a "Viewpoint Diversity Experience" designed "to prepare students for democratic citizenship and success in the political diverse workplaces they will soon inhabit."[15][10]

The group produces the Heterodox Academy Guide to Colleges - a college ranking guide in which 150 prominent universities and colleges are rated on their level of support of ideological diversity and free speech based on each school's internal regulations, incidents of censorship, and the ratings of other First Amendment-supporting groups.[9][10][16][17]

{{Disputed section|date=February 2019}}

Heterodox Academy does not formally define itself as conservative or centrist, describing itself as bipartisan.[14][18] Vox has described them as advancing an argument that "political correctness" was a major problem on college campuses; Heterodox Academy objected to that characterization and accused the piece making it of bias.[19]

Nonetheless, Heterodox Academy has been identified as advancing conservative viewpoints on college campuses by playing into or presenting the argument that such views are suppressed by left-wing bias.[18][19][20][21]{{synthesis inline|date=March 2019}} Many commentators, including The New York Observer's Davis Richardson; Vox's Zack Beauchamp; and Chris Quintana, writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, have disputed Heterodox Academy's assumption that college campuses are facing a "free-speech crisis", noting the lack of data to support it and arguing that advocacy groups such as Heterodox Academy functionally do more to narrow the scope of academic debates than any of the biases they allege.[18][19][22] Its focus on what it sees as a "campus free speech crisis" has been condemned as a moral panic by some commentators.[23][24]

See also

  • Chicago principles
  • Foundation for Individual Rights in Education
  • Society for Academic Freedom and Scholarship

References

1. ^{{cite news |last1=Tierney |first1=John |authorlink1=John Tierney (journalist) |title=Social Scientist Sees Bias Within |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html |accessdate=9 March 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2011 |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2014.08.09-082112/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html?_r=0 |archivedate=August 9, 2014}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |last1=Goldstein|first1=Evan R. |title=The Gadfly: Can Jonathan Haidt Calm the Culture Wars? |url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Gadfly/240311|url-access=subscription |accessdate=March 6, 2019 |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education |department=The Chronicle Review |volume=63|issue=40 |publication-date=July 7, 2017 |date=June 11, 2017 |pages=B6–9}}
3. ^{{cite journal|title=Political diversity will improve social psychological science |first1=José L.|last1=Duarte |first2=Jarret T.|last2=Crawford |first3=Charlotta|last3=Stern |first4=Jonathan|last4=Haidt|authorlink4=Jonathan Haidt |first5=Lee|last5=Jussim|authorlink5=Lee Jussim |first6=Philip E.|last6=Tetlock|authorlink6=Philip E. Tetlock |publisher=Cambridge University Press |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=38 |pages=1–54|number=e130 |date=July 18, 2014|publication-date=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0140525X14000430 |pmid=25036715}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last=Jacoby |first=Russell |authorlink=Russell Jacoby |date=April 1, 2016 |publication-date=April 8, 2016 |title=Academe Is Overrun by Liberals. So What? |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |volume=62|issue=30 |pages= |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Academe-Is-Overrun-by/235898 |url-access=subscription |department=The Chronicle Review}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Variety and Heterodox Academy: The Chris Martin Interview|url=https://thebestschools.org/diversity-heterodox-academy-chris-martin-interview/|website=TheBestSchools.org |date=August 2016 |accessdate=March 9, 2019}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Adam |authorlink1=Adam Rubenstein |title=Heterodoxy Now |url=https://www.weeklystandard.com/adam-rubenstein/heterodox-academy-meet-the-academics-who-are-trying-to-save-free-speech |accessdate=1 March 2019 |publisher=The Weekly Standard |date=June 22, 2018}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bartlett |first1=Tom |title=A Conference’s Recipe for ‘Viewpoint Diversity’: More Free Play, More John Stuart Mill |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-Conference-s-Recipe-for/243733 |accessdate=1 March 2019 |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=June 21, 2018 |location=New York}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Emily Esfahani |title=A Movement Rises to Take Back Higher Education |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-movement-rises-to-take-back-higher-education-1529258360 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 17, 2018 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2018.06.18-005054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-movement-rises-to-take-back-higher-education-1529258360 |archivedate=June 18, 2018 |deadurl=}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Belkin |first1=Douglas |title=Colleges Pledge Tolerance for Diverse Opinions, But Skeptics Remain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/colleges-promise-to-be-less-politically-correct-1498305600 |access-date=March 4, 2019 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 24, 2017 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.06.27-223331/https://www.wsj.com/articles/colleges-promise-to-be-less-politically-correct-1498305600 |archive-date=June 27, 2017 |deadurl=}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Weiss |first1=Bari |authorlink1=Bari Weiss |title=Jonathan Haidt on the Cultural Roots of Campus Rage |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jonathan-haidt-on-the-cultural-roots-of-campus-rage-1491000676 |access-date=March 4, 2019 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 14, 2017 |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.07.25-110507/https://www.wsj.com/articles/jonathan-haidt-on-the-cultural-roots-of-campus-rage-1491000676 |archivedate=July 25, 2017 |deadurl=}}
11. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Friedersdorf|first1=Conor|title=A New Leader in the Push for Diversity of Thought on Campus|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/02/a-new-leader-in-the-push-for-diversity-of-thought-on-campus/552275/|access-date=May 24, 2018|work=The Atlantic|date=February 6, 2018}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://heterodoxacademy.org/about-us/members/ |title=Members - Heterodox Academy |publisher=Heterodox Academy |access-date=February 28, 2019|language=en-US}}
13. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Bruni|first1=Frank|title=The Dangerous Safety of College|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/11/opinion/sunday/the-dangerous-safety-of-college.html?_r=0|accessdate=18 March 2017|work=The New York Times|date=11 March 2017}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Lerner|first1=Maura|title=Nurturing a new diversity on campus: 'Diversity of thought'|url=http://www.startribune.com/nurturing-a-new-diversity-on-u-campus-diversity-of-thought-to-bridge-political-differences/480416263/|accessdate=24 May 2018|work=Star Tribune|date=April 24, 2018}}
15. ^{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Michael S. |authorlink1=Michael S. Roth |title=The Opening of the Liberal Mind |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-opening-of-the-liberal-mind-1494515186 |accessdate=4 March 2019 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 11, 2017 |url-access=subscription|archiveurl=http://archive.today/2017.05.11-212651/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-opening-of-the-liberal-mind-1494515186 |archivedate=May 11, 2017 |deadurl=}}
16. ^{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Ronald |authorlink1=Ronald Bailey |title=How Heterodox Is Your University? |url=https://reason.com/blog/2016/10/24/how-heterodox-is-your-university |publisher=Reason |accessdate=9 March 2019 |date=October 24, 2016}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Richardson|first1=Bradford|title=Harvard among least intellectually diverse universities: Report|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/24/harvard-among-least-intellectually-diverse-schools/|accessdate=24 May 2018|work=The Washington Times|date=October 24, 2016}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28 |last1=Richardson|first1=Davis |title=Is a Red Pill Tidal Wave Brewing in Academia?|url=https://observer.com/2018/06/conservatives-centrists-grow-political-capital-at-universities/|date=4 June 2018}}
19. ^1 2 {{cite web|first1=Zack|last1=Beauchamp|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The myth of a campus free speech crisis|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/8/31/17718296/campus-free-speech-political-correctness-musa-al-gharbi|date=31 August 2018|website=Vox}}
20. ^{{cite journal|first1=Agustín|last1=Fuentes|first2=Carolyn|last2=Rouse|title=New Articulations of Biological Difference in the 21st Century: A Conversation|journal=Anthropology Now|date=1 September 2016|issn=1942-8200|pages=14–25|volume=8|issue=3|doi=10.1080/19428200.2016.1242907}}
21. ^{{cite web|first1=Dylan|last1=Matthews|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The Journal of Controversial Ideas is already, well, controversial. Here's a founder's defense.|url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2018/11/19/18101600/journal-of-controversial-ideas-censorship-politically-correct-academia|date=19 November 2018|website=Vox}}
22. ^{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Quintana|accessdate=2019-02-28|title=The Real Free-Speech Crisis Is Professors Being Disciplined for Liberal Views, a Scholar Finds|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Real-Free-Speech-Crisis-Is/243284|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=30 April 2018|issn=0009-5982|via=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}
23. ^{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28|last1=Liu|first1=Jasmine |title=Building a new framework for Cardinal Conversations|url=https://www.stanforddaily.com/2019/01/29/building-a-new-framework-for-cardinal-conversations/|date=29 January 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web|accessdate=2019-02-28 |last1=Sachs|first1=Jeffrey Adam |title=There is no campus free speech crisis: The right's new moral panic is largely imaginary|url=https://www.salon.com/2018/05/01/there-is-no-campus-free-speech-crisis-the-rights-new-moral-panic-is-largely-imaginary/|date=1 May 2018|website=Salon |type=reprint}}

External links

  • Heterodox Academy website
  • Open Mind Platform

5 : Organizations established in 2015|2015 establishments in the United States|Advocacy groups in the United States|Freedom of expression organizations|Higher education in the United States
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