“High School of Montreal”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The High School of Montreal was an English-language high school founded in 1843, serving Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in the area eventually known as the Golden Square Mile. It was less formally known as Montreal High School and from 1853 to 1870 was called the High School of McGill College, or the High School Division.

Founded as a school for boys only, girls were first admitted in 1875, although to a separate division called the High School for Girls, and a new building shared by both was opened in 1878. In its last century the school took children from the first to the twelfth grades. In 1915, after occupying several different sites, the school moved into a new neoclassical building on University Street, near the campus of McGill University. Girls and boys were taught in separate wings of the building and were also apart for school sports, but came together for some activities. The two divisions were united into a single school in 1965.

The school closed in June 1979, largely as the result of a decline in the English-speaking population.^[2] Soon after, the mostly French-speaking F.A.C.E. School moved into its empty premises,^[3] to be joined by the MIND High School on the third floor.

Origins

The school was founded in 1843 by a group of Montreal professionals and merchants who saw the need for a Protestant secondary school which respected 19th-century ideas of education. It was modelled on the Royal High School, Edinburgh.^[4] Several of the founders, led by James Ferrier, with William Lunn, William Collis Meredith, David Torrance, and the Rev. Henry Esson,^[5] were of Presbyterian Scottish origins, and one of their purposes in establishing the school was to provide a solution to the growing influence of Anglicanism in education at the time. In short, they saw a need for a means of access to McGill College not controlled by supporters of the Church of England.^[6]

In August 1843, The Gentleman's Magazine reported, under 'Civil Preferments', "Rev. G. F. Simpson to be Rector of the Public College of Canada, about to be established at Montreal", suggesting that the name of the school still remained to be decided.^[7]

The school was first organized as a private institution, under a Board of Directors.^[8]

History

The school's first Principal, the Rev. George Foster Simpson, M.A., was a young Englishman, a graduate and former scholar of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, born in 1811.^[9] He opened the school in November 1843^[10] at Bingham House, which had been leased by the directors of the school, and within a few months 167 boys had been enrolled. The end-of-year ceremony in the summer of 1844, presided over by Peter McGill, with Lord Metcalfe to present the prizes, was held in the large hall that had been the ballroom of Bingham House.^[10] The boys at the school in its early days included Thomas White,^[12] George Holt Henshaw,^[13] George Washington Stephens,^[14] Andrew Gault, later called the Cotton King of Canada,^[15] and Charles Hamilton, first Archbishop of Ottawa.^[16]

In 1846 the school moved into a new purpose-built building on La Gauchetière Street. The same year, on the death of the elderly Alexander Skakel, Master of the Royal Grammar School of Montreal, for many years the city's leading secondary school, the high school's board petitioned successfully for Skakel's salary to be transferred to it, and thus absorbed the Royal Grammar School.^[11] Newton Bosworth, describing the school in a guide to Montreal of 1846, reported that it had accommodation for between three and four hundred pupils, that the Rector had several able assistants, and that the fees were £10 a year "in the higher branches" and £6 a year in "the preparatory branches".^[18] On 28 July 1847 a Provincial Statute was enacted which allocated the revenues from the Estates of the Late Order of Jesuits to educational institutions around Quebec, and the first item listed in the schedule was "For the Salary and Allowance for House Rent, heretofore paid to the Master of the Grammar School at Montreal, to be allowed to the Directors of the High School at Montreal, in consideration of their educating twenty free scholars of the poorer classes ... £282-4s-6d".^[12] Shortly afterwards the directors received £98-3s-6d as the balance of the grant for the year 1846, and also £141-2s-3d for the six months ended 30 June 1847.^[13]

In 1850, Foster resigned as Rector and returned to England, where he became headmaster of Lincoln Grammar School, but died suddenly in 1857.^[9] In 1853 control of the school was given to McGill, and it was renamed as the High School of McGill College.^[11] A McGill prospectus for 1863 states that "The High School Department offers a thorough English education, with the French and German languages, and the Classical and Mathematical training necessary for entering the College course."^[14]

In 1864, during the American Civil War, on hearing of the St Albans Raid from Montreal into the US by Confederate soldiers, the school organized a company called the Montreal High School Cadet Rifles. This continued to operate for some twenty years and was disappointed not to be mobilized at the time of the Fenian raids between 1866 and 1871.^[15]^[16]

In September 1870, control of the school was transferred again, this time to the Protestant Board of School Commissioners. Soon after that, J. W. Dawson, principal of McGill, began to press the Protestant Board to create a high school for girls, and in 1875 this came into being as a separate division, with its own "lady principal" and four other teachers, all trained at the McGill Normal School.^[17] This was made possible by a local school tax and was the spur for the planning of a new building, opened in 1878.^[18] To begin with, the girls' classes had been taught in private houses.^[19] The separate girls' school continued to exist in shared buildings until 1965, when for the first time the divisions for boys and girls were united under one principal.^[11]^[20] The boys' High School provided elementary as well as secondary education, with a junior division called the Preparatory High School. The girls' school did not at first include elementary classes, which came a few years later in the new building,^[31] and in 1878 the school population was 241 boys and 226 girls.^[18]

There was a bitter dispute in the 1880s when the Protestant School Board decided to stop the teaching of Latin in the first two forms and to limit Greek, Algebra, and Geometry to the final two forms. This was opposed by the elderly Rector, Dr Aspinall Howe, but supported by some parents and staff. On 28 November 1890 the dispute between those who believed in a classical education, including Latin and Greek, and those supporting a greater focus on sciences, culminated in the burning down of the school's building on Peel Street.^[33]^[21] No cause was ever identified for the fire.^[33] Dr Howe, a fierce opponent of a move away from classical languages, quickly tendered his resignation, to take effect from the end of the school year. The successful applicant to replace him, Elson I. Rexford, was English Secretary of the Department of Public Instruction. A new school building was built on the site of the lost one and opened in the fall of 1892.^[22]

The school has been described as "the secondary school for the city's Protestant elite",^[23] but as reported by Margaret W. Westley, "By 1906, the Protestant Board of School Commissioners was operating fifteen publicly financed elementary schools and three secondary schools, some of which were located conveniently close to residents of the Square Mile. Most renowned was the High School of Montreal. One of the comments made most frequently by graduates about the High School of Montreal is that there one met and knew people from all walks of life and all backgrounds, something not true of the private schools."^[24]

However, in 1906 the Rector and Master, Wellington Dixon, who had succeeded Rexford in 1903, reported "The High School is not free. It is supported by fees paid by the pupils, a Government grant of $2,000, and by grants from the rate. In return for the Government grant of $2,000, thirty free tuitions are ordered by the Lieutenant-Governor, not on the results of examinations, but on certain conditions of good conduct, etc... The High School (Protestant) does not confine itself to advanced pupils. As before said, the Elementary Schools are free, but the High School takes young children in the Kindergarten and Elementary Departments if the parents are willing to pay the fees. The High School, except in the case of the scholarships already mentioned, is a school for the children of parents who are willing to pay fees. Out of the 1,200 pupils in attendance, 550 are in the High School proper, and 650 in the Kindergarten and Elementary Departments, all of the latter paying fees.^[25]

In 1906 the school had three separate courses of instruction for pupils, the first two being Classical and Scientific, which ran in parallel, and the other Commercial.^[25] The aim of the Classical and Scientific course was to prepare children for higher education and the professions. Believing in the principle of mens sana in corpore sano, the school aimed to develop both body and mind, and at its site in University Street had its own swimming pool, two gymnasiums, a shooting gallery, and games rooms, as well as a library, auditorium, and planetarium.^[26]

During the First World War, 1,150 former pupils and staff of the High School went to fight in Europe, and 141 of them were killed. Their names are still recorded on a board in the foyer of the school building at 3449 University Street.^[27] One former schoolboy, Dr F. A. C. Scrimger, was awarded the Victoria Cross in 1915 for outstanding bravery under enemy fire.^[43]

Having shared buildings since the 1870s, the High School for Girls and the High School of Montreal at last became a single school in 1965.^[28] Nevertheless, in an autobiography Victor Malarek reports that in the mid-sixties the school remained segregated by sex.^[29]

In the late 1970s, with the school under the control of the Protestant School Board of Greater Montreal, the decision was taken to close it with effect from June 1979, largely the result of a decline in the English-speaking population in the area.^[2] Subsequently, the mostly French-speaking F.A.C.E. School (Fine Arts Core Education) moved into its empty premises. Like the former High School, FACE is both a primary and secondary school.^[3]

Buildings

The school's first home was Bingham House, a former vice-regal residence at the corner of Notre Dame and St Denis Streets.^[10] In 1845 a new school building was begun in La Gauchetière Street, with an entrance on Belmont Street, later to become the McGill Normal School, with its cornerstone being laid by Lord Metcalfe, the Governor General, and in 1846 the High School moved into it.^[30] The new school building, designed by John Ostell, was described as "in the Domestic approaching to Tudor style of architecture" and was sixty yards by nineteen, not counting a portico which projected thirteen feet, with a Lecture and Examination Hall nineteen yards square.^[31] Shortly afterwards, the Royal Grammar School joined the High School of Montreal there, following the death of its Master.^[11]

In 1863 the school moved again, to a new building later known as the Fraser Library and Institute, and in 1870 it acquired and occupied the Burnside Hall, which had been built in the 1850s to serve as the arts building of McGill College. In 1878, to bring the boys' and girls' schools together under the same roof, came a new building on Metcalfe Street, but the Burnside Hall was not sold until 1883.^[30]^[8] The new Metcalfe Street building also fronted onto Peel Street.^[32]

In 1890, the school's building on Peel and Metcalfe Streets burned down,^[33] probably a case of arson, but the cause was never determined. A new school on the same site was opened in 1892.^[34] In the meantime, classes were divided between schools in Metcalfe Street and Berthelet Street and the Fraser Institute. The new building on Peel Street had thirty-two classrooms, those in the south wing for girls and in the north wing for boys. The corridors both led to an administrative heart at the centre, with gates topped by iron spikes to separate girls and boys.^[35] The site at 1455 Peel Street was later occupied by the Mount Royal Hotel,^[36] which in the 1980s was converted into the present-day Les Cours Mont-Royal.^[37]

In 1911, with the school continuing to expand, a site for a new building was acquired, and in 1914 construction began of the school's final home, at 3449 University Street. The school was able to move in during September 1915.^[19] Built in a neoclassical Beaux-Arts architectural style, used for many public buildings at the time, but unusual for schools in Montreal, the new school was designed by William Sutherland Maxwell and his brother Edward Maxwell, leading Canadian architects who were also responsible for the nearby Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. Both were former pupils of the school. Finally completed in 1924, the building is shaped like the letter H and was originally planned to provide wings for boys and girls joined by a smaller central block, where shared activities were to take place. The many flourishes include four caryatids high above the main entrance and other decorative features, while the design of the staircases is believed to be unique, with separate double flights, one for up and one for down, which do not intersect. The auditorium was wood-panelled. The new building provided over sixty classrooms, on five floors, taking children all the way from first to twelfth grade.^[38]^[10]

The school was the first in Montreal to have its own swimming pool, completed in 1924 in the basement of the new University Street building.^[39] There was also a shooting gallery, where sixteen people could shoot at targets 25 yards away, but at first it was used only by the boys, as was a room for sloyd. The library was common ground, but the physics and chemistry laboratories were in the boys' wing. Art was taught in separate rooms, and although the swimming pool was shared, girls and boys used it at different times. At first there was only one gymnasium, for boys, but soon the school's auditorium was converted into a girls' gym and a new auditorium was added behind the H-block.^[40] There were two sports rooms in the basement and two large recreational areas on the school's flat roof, each with views of the city and nearer views of each other.^[41]

Rectors

The full title of the school's principal from 1846 until the mid 20th century was "Rector and Master of the Royal Grammar School". In practice, the title of "Rector" was usually used.^[42] By the 1960s, the word "Principal" was in use.^[29]

Principals of the High School for Girls

Notable staff

Notable pupils

Notes

1. ^George Edward Flower, A study of the contributions of Dr E. I. Rexford to education in the province of Quebec (Thesis presented to McGill University, 1949), p. 89
2. ^¹Gary Caldwell, Eric Waddell, The English of Québec: from majority to minority status (1982), p. 89
3. ^¹F.A.C.E. School at memorablemontreal.com, accessed 29 December 2017
4. ^Skakel, Alexander, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, volume 7 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003), accessed 28 December 2017
5. ^Elizabeth Ann Kerr McDougall, “ESSON, HENRY”, in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, volume 8 (University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003), accessed 28 December 2017
6. ^Peter E. Rider, Heather McNabb, Kingdom of the Mind: How the Scots Helped Make Canada (McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 5 Apr 2006), p. 273
7. ^Gentleman's Magazine dated August 1843, vol. 55 (1843), p. 198
8. ^¹Report by Montreal Protestant Board of School Commissioners, 1910, p. 12
9. ^¹John Archibald Venn, Alumni Cantabrigienses 1752–1900, vol. V (1953), p. 515
10. ^Edgar Allen Collard, [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19720115&id=5BMyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-aEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7213,4017371 Donegana's and the Charity Ball] in Montreal Gazette(1972), accessed 1 January 2018
11. ^¹²³Guide to the Archives, vol. 2 at archives.mcgill.ca, accessed 28 December 2017
12. ^The Provincial Statutes of Canada: anno undecimo et duodecimo Victoriae Reginae (Montreal: Stewart Derbishire and George Desbarats, 1848), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SwkvAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1434#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 1483, 1484]
13. ^Journals of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Quebec, Volume 8, Issue 1 (Legislative Assembly, 1849), Appendix A, No. 29
14. ^Annual Announcement of the Faculty of Medicine of the McGill University, Montreal, for the 31st Session, 1863–64 (Montreal: J. C. Becket, 1863), p. 9
15. ^[https://canadaatwarblog.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/montreals-first-organized-high-school-militia-cadet-corps-in-1864/ Montreal’s First Organized High School Militia Cadet Corps In 1864] dated August 18, 2015, at canadaatwarblog, accessed 5 January 2018
16. ^Ernest J. Chambers, The Montreal Highland Cadets : being a record of the organization and development of a useful and interesting corps, with some notes on the cadet movements in Britain and Canada (Montreal: Desbarats & Co., 1901)
17. ^Stanley Brice Frost, McGill University: For the Advancement of Learning, Volume I, 1801–1895, p. 256
18. ^¹Karen Stanworth, Visibly Canadian: Imaging Collective Identities in the Canadas, 1820–1910 (McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2014), p. 289
19. ^¹Report by Montreal Protestant Board of School Commissioners, 1910, p. 54
20. ^James Collins Miller, National Government and Education in Federated Democracies, Dominion of Canada (1940), p. 44
21. ^J. I. Little, Jean Barman, [https://queens.scholarsportal.info/ojs-archive/index.php/edu_hse-rhe/article/viewFile/83/65 “An educator of modern views” The (Auto)biography of Margaret Ross, 1862–1943] at queens.scholarsportal.info, accessed 28 December 2017
22. ^Flower (1949), pp. 80–81
23. ^Roderick MacLeod, Mary Anne Poutanen, “Proper Objects of this institution”: Working Families, children, and the British & Canadian school in Nineteenth-century Montreal, in Historical Studies in Education online at historicalstudiesineducation.ca, accessed 28 December 2017
24. ^¹Margaret W. Westley, Remembrance of Grandeur: The Anglo-Protestant Elite of Montreal, 1900–1950 (Editions Libre Expression, 1990), p. 64
25. ^¹Minutes and Votes and Proceedings of the Parliament, with Papers Presented to Both Houses, volume 1 (1906), p. 99
26. ^Roderick MacLeod, Mary Anne Poutanen, Meeting of the People: School Boards and Protestant Communities in Quebec (McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 2004), pp. 287–290
27. ^Mike Boone, [https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20101110/284451390167121 Remembrance Day is going high tech at Face] in Montreal Gazette online dated 10 Nov 2010, accessed 29 December 2017
28. ^MacLeod & Poutanen (2004), p. 124
29. ^¹²³⁴Victor Malarek, Hey, Malarek! (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984, {{ISBN|0-7715-9795-9}}), pp. 144–148
30. ^¹MacLeod & Poutanen (2004), pp. 121, 122
31. ^¹Newton Bosworth, Hochelaga Depicta: or, A New Picture of Montreal, Embracing the Early and Present State of the City and Island of Montreal (1846), p. 21
32. ^The High School Magazine (Montreal, 1916), p. 28
33. ^¹Lovell's Historic Report of Census of Montreal, Taken in January, 1891 (J. Lovell & Son, Montreal, 1891), p. 75: "High School of Montreal... Between Metcalfe and Peel sts. Since the destruction of the building by fire, the Senior classes have been held in the Victoria School, St Luke st."
34. ^¹²³⁴John Kalbfleisch, [https://montrealgazette.com/sponsored/mtl-375th/from-the-archives-classic-conflict-bitterly-divided-montreal-school From the archives: Classic conflict bitterly divided Montreal school] dated November 29, 2017, in Montreal Gazette online, accessed 28 December 2017
35. ^Flower (1949), p. 88
36. ^John Irwin Cooper, Montreal: a Brief History (McGill-Queen's University Press, 1969), p. 116
37. ^Alexandra Mayes Birnbaum, Birnbaum's Montreal & Quebec City, 1993 (1992), p. 177
38. ^MacLeod & Poutanen (2004), p. 287
39. ^Graham Ivan Neil, A History of Physical Education in the Protestant Schools of Quebec (1963), p. 80
40. ^MacLeod & Poutanen (2004), pp. 277, 288
41. ^MacLeod & Poutanen (2004), p. 290
42. ^Canadian Almanac and Directory: (Copp Clark Publishing Company, 1908), p. 437
43. ^¹²³⁴⁵Walter Pilling Percival, Across the Years: a Century of Education in the Province of Quebec (1946), pp. 44–52
44. ^The Educational Monthly of Canada Volume 26 (1903), p. 432: "Mr. Wellington Dixon, B.A., who for the last twenty years has been Mathematical Master in the Montreal High School, has been appointed to succeed the Rev. Dr. Rexford as rector of that institution. Mr. Dixon is a native of Prince Edward Island, and a graduate of McGill University."
45. ^Wellington Dixon at marianopolis.edu, accessed 29 December 2017
46. ^The School, Volume 31 (1933), p. 65 (obituary): "Dr. Isaac Gammell, former Rector of Montreal High School and a member of the Protestant Committee of the Council of Education died suddenly on Victoria Day... Dr Gammell, who was born in Nova Scotia in 1886, was educated at Pictou Academy, Truro Normal College, and Dalhousie University. After teaching for some time in Pictou Academy, he removed to Montreal, where he was engaged for 40 years in Montreal High School, the last seven of which were spent in the capacity of Rector. Dr. Gammell had a career of 50 years in the teaching profession, and was only 3 years in retirement. In 1928 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Dalhousie University, and at that time had held nearly every office in the Teachers' Association, of which he was President in 1919."
47. ^¹The School: Secondary Edition, Volume 24, issues 1–2 (Ontario College of Education, University of Toronto, 1935), p. 71: "The Rev. Canon J. E. Fee, M.A., Rector of Montreal High School, has resigned his position on account of impaired health. He was a member of the School Board before he was appointed rector in this high school. He has been succeeded by Mr. Thomas Sommerville, MA"
48. ^The School: Elementary Edition, Volume 34, issues 4–10 (Ontario College of Education, 1945), p. 353
49. ^Lovell's Montreal directory for 1888-89 "High school of Montreal, boys' depart., H. A. Howe, M.A., LL.D., princip. and rector; girls' Mrs. H. C. Fuller, lady principal"
50. ^Flower (1949) p. 92
51. ^Canadian Almanac & Directory 1911 (1910), p. 324
52. ^The Canadian Almanac and Miscellaneous Directory, Volume 79 (Copp Clark Co., 1926), p. 504
53. ^The Canadian Almanac and Legal and Court Directory (1939), p. 510
54. ^The Canadian Almanac and Legal and Court Directory (1946), p. 498
55. ^Canadian Almanac & Directory for 1952 (Copp, Clark, 1952), p. 608
56. ^¹In Memory of Carrie Brodie, at munromorris.com, accessed 1 January 2018; Miss Carrie Lou Brodie (August 26, 1928 – August 22, 2007) went on to be Principal of John Grant High School, 1977 to 1982, and died in 2007
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