| 词条 | Historiography of India |
| 释义 |
The historiography of India refers to the studies, sources, critical methods and interpretations used by scholars to develop a history of India. In recent decades there have been four main schools of historiography in how historians study India: Cambridge, Nationalist, Marxist, and subaltern. The once common "Orientalist" approach, with its image of a sensuous, inscrutable, and wholly spiritual India, has died out in serious scholarship.[1] The "Cambridge School", led by Anil Seal,[2] Gordon Johnson,[3] Richard Gordon, and David A. Washbrook,[4] downplays ideology.[5] However, this school of historiography is criticised for western bias or Eurocentrism.[6] The Nationalist school has focused on Congress, Gandhi, Nehru and high level politics. It highlighted the Mutiny of 1857 as a war of liberation, and Gandhi's 'Quit India' begun in 1942, as defining historical events. This school of historiography has received criticism for Elitism.[7] The Marxists have focused on studies of economic development, landownership, and class conflict in precolonial India and of deindustrialisation during the colonial period. The Marxists portrayed Gandhi's movement as a device of the bourgeois elite to harness popular, potentially revolutionary forces for its own ends. Again, the Marxists are accused of being "too much" ideologically influenced.[8] The "subaltern school", was begun in the 1980s by Ranajit Guha and Gyan Prakash.[9] It focuses attention away from the elites and politicians to "history from below", looking at the peasants using folklore, poetry, riddles, proverbs, songs, oral history and methods inspired by anthropology. It focuses on the colonial era before 1947 and typically emphasises caste and downplays class, to the annoyance of the Marxist school.[10] More recently, Hindu nationalists have created a version of history to support their demands for "Hindutva" ("Hinduness") in Indian society. This school of thought is still in the process of development.[11] In March 2012, Diana L. Eck, professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies at Harvard University, authored in her book "India: A Sacred Geography", that idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals and it wasn't just a cluster of regional identities and it wasn't ethnic or racial.[12][13][14][15] See also
Further reading
References1. ^{{cite journal | last = Prakash | first = Gyan | author-link = Gyan Prakash | date = April 1990 | title = Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography | journal = Comparative Studies in Society and History | volume = 32 | issue = 2 | pages = 383–408 | doi=10.1017/s0010417500016534 | jstor = 178920}} 2. ^Anil Seal, The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century (1971) 3. ^Gordon Johnson, Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress 1880–1915 (2005) 4. ^Rosalind O'Hanlon and David Washbrook, eds. Religious Cultures in Early Modern India: New Perspectives (2011) 5. ^Aravind Ganachari, "Studies in Indian Historiography: 'The Cambridge School'", Indica, March 2010, 47#1, pp 70–93 6. ^{{cite book|title=Eurocentrism: a marxian critical realist critique|author=Hostettler, N.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-18131-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XjozzN0ppEC&pg=PA33|page=33|accessdate=6 January 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://pages.ucsd.edu/~rfrank/class_web/ES-200C/Articles/Guha.pdf|title=Ranjit Guha, "On Some Aspects of Historiography of Colonial India"|publisher=}} 8. ^{{cite journal |last=Bagchi |first=Amiya Kumar |date=January 1993 |title=Writing Indian History in the Marxist Mode in a Post-Soviet World |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages=229–244}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Prakash |first=Gyan |date=December 1994 |title=Subaltern studies as postcolonial criticism |journal=American Historical Review |volume=99 |issue=5 |pages=1475–1500 |doi=10.2307/2168385|jstor=2168385 }} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Roosa |first=John |date=2006 |title=When the Subaltern Took the Postcolonial Turn |journal=Journal of the Canadian Historical Association |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=130–147 |doi=10.7202/016593ar}} 11. ^{{cite magazine |last=Menon |first=Latha |date=August 2004 |title=Coming to Terms with the Past: India |magazine=History Today |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=28–30}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/802047/theres-an-idea-of-india-from-early-times-much-before-the-mughals-or-the-british-scholar-diana-eck|title=Harvard scholar says the idea of India dates to a much earlier time than the British or the Mughals}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/review-of-diana-l.eck-india-a-sacred-geography/1/199809.html|title=In The Footsteps of Pilgrims}} 14. ^{{Cite magazine |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21550765 |title=India's spiritual landscape: The heavens and the earth |magazine =The Economist |date=24 March 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news |last=Dalrymple |first=William |date=27 July 2012 |title=India: A Sacred Geography by Diana L Eck – review |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/jul/27/india-sacred-geography-eck-review |newspaper=The Guardian}} 2 : Historiography of India|History of India |
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