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释义 |
This is the history of Amazon, an American internet sales company. FoundingThe company was founded as a result of what Jeff Bezos called his "regret minimization framework", which described his efforts to fend off any regrets for not participating sooner in the Internet business boom during that time.[1] In 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co., a Wall Street firm, and moved to Seattle, Washington, where he began to work on a business plan[2] for what would become Amazon.com. On July 5, 1994, Bezos initially incorporated the company in Washington State with the name Cadabra, Inc.[3] He later changed the name to Amazon.com, Inc. a few months later, after a lawyer misheard its original name as "cadaver".[4] In its early days, the company was operated out of the garage of Bezos's house on Northeast 28th Street in Bellevue, Washington.[5] In September 1994, Bezos purchased the domain name relentless.com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, but friends told him the name sounded a bit sinister. The domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer.[6][7] Choosing a nameBezos selected the name Amazon by looking through the dictionary; he settled on "Amazon" because it was a place that was "exotic and different", just as he had envisioned for his Internet enterprise. The Amazon River, he noted, was the biggest river in the world, and he planned to make his store the biggest bookstore in the world.[8] Additionally, a name that began with "A" was preferred because it would probably be at the top of an alphabetized list.[8] Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand and told a reporter, "There's nothing about our model that can't be copied over time. But you know, McDonald's got copied. And it's still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name. Brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world."[9] Online bookstore and IPOAfter reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual web commerce growth at 2,300%, Bezos created a list of 20 products that could be marketed online. He narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included: compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos, and books. Bezos finally decided that his new business would sell books online, because of the large worldwide demand for literature, the low unit price for books, and the huge number of titles available in print.[10] Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos' rented home in Bellevue, Washington.[8][11][12] Bezos' parents invested almost $250,000 in the start-up.[13] In July 1995, the company began service as an online bookstore.[14] The first book sold on Amazon.com was Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[15] In the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries. Within two months, Amazon's sales were up to $20,000/week.[16] In October 1995, the company announced itself to the public.[17] In 1996, it was reincorporated in Delaware. Amazon issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, at $18 per share, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN.[18] Barnes & Noble sued Amazon on May 12, 1997, alleging that Amazon's claim to be "the world's largest bookstore" was false because it "...isn't a bookstore at all. It's a book broker." The suit was later settled out of court and Amazon continued to make the same claim.[19] Walmart sued Amazon on October 16, 1998, alleging that Amazon had stolen Walmart's trade secrets by hiring former Walmart executives. Although this suit was also settled out of court, it caused Amazon to implement internal restrictions and the reassignment of the former Walmart executives.[19]In 1999, Amazon first attempted to enter the publishing business by buying a defunct imprint, "Weathervane", and publishing some books "selected with no apparent thought", according to The New Yorker. The imprint quickly vanished again, and {{as of|2014|lc=y}} Amazon representatives said that they had never heard of it.[20] Also in 1999, Time magazine named Bezos the Person of the Year when it recognized the company's success in popularizing online shopping.[21] 2000sSince June 19, 2000, Amazon's logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile.[22] According to sources, Amazon did not expect to make a profit for four to five years. This comparatively slow growth caused stockholders to complain that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough to justify their investment or even survive in the long-term. The dot-com bubble burst at the start of the 21st century and destroyed many e-companies in the process, but Amazon survived and moved forward beyond the tech crash to become a huge player in online sales. The company finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million (i.e., 1¢ per share), on revenues of more than $1 billion. This profit margin, though extremely modest, proved to skeptics that Bezos' unconventional business model could succeed.[23] 2010 to presentIn 2011, Amazon had 30,000 full-time employees in the USA, and by the end of 2016, it had 180,000 employees. In June 2017, Amazon announced that it would acquire Whole Foods, a high-end supermarket chain with over 400 stores, for $13.4 billion.[24] The acquisition was seen by media experts as a move to strengthen its physical holdings and challenge Walmart's supremacy as a brick and mortar retailer. This sentiment was heightened by the fact that the announcement coincided with Walmart's purchase of men's apparel company Bonobos.[25] On August 23, 2017, Whole Foods shareholders, as well as the Federal Trade Commission, approved the deal.[26][27] In September 2017, Amazon announced plans to locate a second headquarters in a metropolitan area with at least a million people.[28] Cities needed to submit their presentations by October 19, 2017 for the project called HQ2.[29] The $5 billion second headquarters, starting with 500,000 square feet and eventually expanding to as much as 8 million square feet, may have as many as 50,000 employees.[30] In 2017, Amazon announced it would build a new downtown Seattle building with space for Mary's Place, a local charity in 2020.[31] At the end of 2017, Amazon had over 566,000 employees worldwide.[32][33] According to an August 8, 2018 story in Bloomberg Businessweek, Amazon has about a 5 percent share of U.S. retail spending (excluding cars and car parts and visits to restaurants and bars), and a 43.5 share of American online spending in 2018. The forecast is for Amazon to own 49 percent of the total American online spending in 2018, with two-thirds of Amazon's revenue coming from the U.S.[34] Amazon launched the last-mile delivery program and ordered 20,000 Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Vans for the service in September 2018.[35][36] To make data transfers from space cheaper and easier Amazon added 12 antennas for the satellite data in November 2018.[37] HQ2In November 2018, Amazon announced it would open its highly sought-after new headquarters, known as (HQ2) in Long Island City, Queens, New York City,[38][39] and in Crystal City, Virginia.[40] Despite mixed reception, some people expected HQ2 to expand the job ecosystem on Long Island.[41] On February 14, 2019, Amazon announced it was not moving forward with plans to build HQ2 in Queens.[42] Amazon GoOn January 22, 2018, Amazon Go, a store that uses cameras and sensors to detect items that a shopper grabs off shelves and automatically charges a shopper's Amazon account, was opened to the general public in Seattle.[43][44] Customers scan their Amazon Go app as they enter, and are required to have an Amazon Go app installed on their smartphone and a linked Amazon account to be able to enter.[43] The technology is meant to eliminate the need for checkout lines.[45][46][47] Amazon Go was initially opened for Amazon employees in December 2016.[48][49][50] By the end of 2018, there will be 8 total Amazon Go stores located in Seattle, Chicago, San Francisco and New York.[51] Amazon has plans to open as many as 3,000 Amazon Go locations across the United States by 2021.[52] Amazon 4-StarAmazon announced to debut the Amazon 4-star in New York, Soho neighborhood Spring Street between Crosby and Lafayette on 27 September 2018. The store carries the 4-star and above rated products from around New York.[53] The Amazon website searches for the most rated, highly demanded, frequently bought and most wished for products which are then sold in the new Amazon store under separate categories. Along with the paper price tags, the online-review cards will also be available for the customers to read before buying the product.[54][55] Mergers and acquisitionsAmazon has grown through a number of mergers and acquisitions over the years. {{Main|List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon}}The company has also invested in a number of growing firms, both in the United States and Internationally.[56][57] In 2014, Amazon purchased top level domain .buy in auction for over $4 million.[58][59] The company has invested in brands that offer a wide range of services and products, including Engine Yard, a Ruby-on-Rails platform as a service company,[60] and Living Social, a local deal site.[61] TimelineOverview
Full timeline
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2016}} 69. ^{{cite web|url=http://tech.163.com/11/1027/11/7HCCBB17000915BF.html|title=Joyo Amazon was renamed to Amazon China|publisher=NetEase|date=October 27, 2011|accessdate=October 27, 2011|language=Chinese}} 70. ^{{cite web |url=http://aws.typepad.com/aws/2006/08/amazon_ec2_beta.html |title=Amazon EC2 Beta |first=Jeff |last=Barr |date=August 25, 2006 |work=Amazon Web Services Blog |accessdate= May 31, 2013}} 71. ^{{cite web |url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=97664&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=906817 |title=Amazon.com Investor Relations: Press Release |newspaper=Phx.corporate-ir.net |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 72. ^{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=7830608&page=1 |title=Amazon to pay Toys R Us $51M to settle suit - ABC News |newspaper=Abcnews.go.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 73. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |last=Stone |first=Brad |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |year=2013 |publisher=Little Brown and Co |location=New York |isbn=9780316219266 |oclc=856249407 |url=http://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/brad-stone/the-everything-store/9780316219266/}} 74. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.createspace.com/Special/AboutUs/PR/20070808_Books.jsp |title=CreateSpace: Self Publishing and Free Distribution for Books, CD, DVD |newspaper= |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 75. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/326044_amazonfresh02.html|title= Amazon starts grocery delivery service|accessdate=2008-11-26 | work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|first1=Craig|last1=Harris|first2=John|last2=Cook|date=2007-08-01}} 76. ^{{cite press release|url=http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070925005710&newsLang=en|title=Amazon.com Launches Public Beta of Amazon MP3|website=BusinessWire|date=September 25, 2007|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130102032637/http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070925005710&newsLang=en|archive-date=January 2, 2013}} 77. ^{{cite web |url=http://mashable.com/2009/07/22/amazon-bought-zappos/#bE4yFYNtAqqg |title=Here's Why Amazon Bought Zappos |newspaper=Mashable.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 10, 2016}} 78. ^{{cite news |author=Jeffrey A. Trachtenberg and Geoffrey A. Fowler|title=B&N Reader Out Tuesday|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703816204574483790552304348|work=|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=October 20, 2009|accessdate=October 20, 2009| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091021225827/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703816204574483790552304348.html| archivedate=October 21, 2009 | deadurl=no}} 79. ^{{cite web |url=http://appleinsider.com/articles/10/01/27/apple_introduces_ibooks_store_for_ipad |title=Apple introduces iBooks store for iPad |newspaper=Appleinsider.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 80. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/20/technology/20kindle.html |title=Amazon Says E-Books Now Top Hardcover Sales |newspaper=The New York Times |date= July 19, 2010 |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 81. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9aa7315e-2482-11e0-8c0e-00144feab49a.html#axzz3xWMGAEZZ |title=Amazon acquires Lovefilm for £200m |newspaper=Financial Times |date= January 20, 2011 |author=Tim Bradshaw In London, Jonathan Birchall In New York |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 82. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/borders-closing-why-bookstore-chain-failed-300009 |title=Borders Closing: Why the Bookstore Chain Failed |newspaper=Ibtimes.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 83. ^{{cite web|author=Christina Warren2011-02-22 12:45:05 UTC |url=http://mashable.com/2011/02/22/amazon-prime-instant-video/ |title=HANDS ON: Amazon's Prime Instant Video |publisher=Mashable.com |date=2011-02-22 |accessdate=2013-11-27}} 84. ^{{cite web|url=http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1531234|title=Amazon Media Room: Press Releases|work=corporate-ir.net}} 85. ^{{cite web|author=Amazon.com |url=https://developer.amazon.com/post/Tx3IJP9TKDQOXS5/Developers-Can-Now-Distribute-Apps-in-Nearly-200-Countries-Worldwide-on-Amazon.html |title=Developers Can Now Distribute Apps in Nearly 200 Countries Worldwide on Amazon - Amazon Mobile App Distribution Blog |publisher=Developer.amazon.com |date=2013-05-23 |accessdate=2013-11-27}} 86. ^{{cite web |url=http://taxfoundation.org/article/california-becomes-seventh-state-adopt-amazon-tax-out-state-online-sellers |title=California Becomes Seventh State to Adopt "Amazon" Tax on Out-of-State Online Sellers |newspaper=Taxfoundation.org |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 87. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2011/confirmed-amazons-delivery-locker-7eleven/ |title=Photos: A look at Amazon's new delivery locker at 7-Eleven - GeekWire |newspaper=Geekwire.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 88. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-09-28/amazon-unveils-199-kindle-fire-tablet |title=Amazon Unveils $199 Kindle Fire Tablet, Taking on Apple IPad - Bloomberg Business |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 89. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/04/the-justice-department-just-made-jeff-bezos-dictator-for-life/255811/ |title=The Justice Department Just Made Jeff Bezos Dictator-for-Life - The Atlantic |newspaper=Theatlantic.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 90. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-03-19/amazon-acquires-kiva-systems-in-second-biggest-takeover |title=Amazon Acquires Kiva Systems in Second-Biggest Takeover - Bloomberg Business |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 10, 2016}} 91. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.statesman.com/article/20120901/BUSINESS/309004195 |title=Documents: Amazon risking little in Texas sales tax deal |newspaper=Statesman.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 10, 2016}} 92. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/09/kobo-new-ereaders/ |title=Kobo Announces Their New E-Readers |newspaper=Wired.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 93. ^{{cite news|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/03/28/amazon-acquires-social-reading-site-goodreads|title=Amazon Acquires Social Reading Site Goodreads, Which Gives The Company A Social Advantage Over Apple|work=TechCrunch|date=March 28, 2013|accessdate=March 29, 2013}} 94. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/amazon-now-in-india/article4783615.ece |title=Amazon now in India - The Hindu |newspaper=Thehindu.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 95. ^{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/amazon-india-jeff-bezos/ |title=Amazon Invades India - Fortune |newspaper=Fortune.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 96. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/6/18/5821490/amazon-fire-phone-to-sell-on-ATT-for-199-on-contract |title=Amazon's Fire Phone to sell exclusively on AT&T for $199.98 starting July 25th |newspaper=Theverge.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 97. ^{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2014/08/25/amazon-acquires-twitch-worlds-largest-e-tailer-buys-largest-gameplay-livestreaming-site/ |title=Amazon acquires Twitch: World's largest e-tailer buys largest gameplay-livestreaming site |newspaper=Venturebeat.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 98. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-closes-multi-year-deal-with-simon-and-schuster-2014-10 |title=Amazon Closes Multi-Year Deal With Simon & Schuster - Business Insider |newspaper=Businessinsider.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 99. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-11-06/amazon-echo-is-a-listening-talking-music-playing-speaker-for-your-home |title=Amazon Unveils a Listening, Talking, Music-Playing Speaker for Your Home |last1=Stone |first1=Brad |last2=Soper |first2=Spencer |date=2014-11-06 |website=Bloomberg Businessweek |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |accessdate=2014-11-07}} 100. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.androidcentral.com/amazon-echo-now-available-everyone-buy-17999-shipments-start-july-14|title=Amazon Echo is now available for everyone to buy for $179.99, shipments start on July 14|work=Android Central}} 101. ^{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/25/amazon-unbundles-alexa-virtual-assistant-from-echo-with-new-dev-tools/|title=Amazon Unbundles Alexa Virtual Assistant From Echo With New Dev Tools|date=25 June 2015|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch}} 102. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/11/13/7214703/amazon-hachette-resolve-ebooks-dispute |title=Amazon and Hachette have finally resolved their bitter dispute |work=The Verge |date=November 13, 2014 |author= |accessdate= January 15, 2016}} 103. ^{{cite web |url=http://cloudtweaks.com/2015/07/alibaba-1-billion-dollar-cloud-investment-international-competition-mounting/ |title=Alibaba $1 Billion Dollar Cloud Investment - International Competition Mounting » |newspaper=Cloudtweaks.com |date= |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 104. ^{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/26/amazon-underground-is-an-android-app-store-with-only-actually-free-apps/|title = Amazon Underground Features An Android App Store Focused On “Actually Free” Apps|last = Dillet|first= Romain|date = August 26, 2015|accessdate = April 26, 2016|publisher = TechCrunch}} 105. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/26/9210071/amazon-underground-free-apps|title = Amazon launches Underground to promote free apps and games. The Free App of the Day program has also come to a close|last = Singleton|first = Micah|date = August 26, 2015|accessdate = April 26, 2016|publisher = The Verge}} 106. ^{{cite web|url = https://www.wired.com/2015/08/amazon-underground-in-app-payment/|title = Has Amazon Cracked the Problem With In-App Payments?|last = Barrett|first = Brian|date = August 29, 2015|accessdate = April 26, 2016|publisher = Wired Magazine}} 107. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.geekwire.com/2015/amazon-launches-prime-now-restaurant-delivery-in-seattle-area-to-compete-against-grubhub-and-others/|title = Amazon confirms Prime Now restaurant delivery launch in Seattle area, hints at broader rollout|last = Duryee|first = Tricia|date = September 8, 2015|accessdate = December 21, 2016|publisher = GeekWire}} 108. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.nrn.com/technology/amazon-launches-restaurant-delivery-seattle|title = Amazon launches restaurant delivery in Seattle. Service is available to Amazon Prime Now customers only|publisher = Nation's Restaurant News|last = Jennings|first = Lisa|date = September 8, 2015|accessdate = December 21, 2016}} 109. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/2/9661556/amazon-books-first-physical-bookstore-opening-seattle |title=Amazon is opening its first physical bookstore today |work=The Verge |date=November 2, 2015 |author= |accessdate= January 17, 2016}} 110. ^{{cite news |last=Greene |first=Jay |date=December 14, 2015 |title=Workers move in to the first of Amazon’s downtown towers |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/workers-move-in-to-the-first-of-amazons-downtown-towers/ |newspaper=The Seattle Times |accessdate=January 17, 2016}} 111. ^{{Cite web|url = http://fortune.com/2016/12/14/amazon-prime-air-delivery/|title = Watch Amazon's Prime Air Complete Its First Drone Delivery|last = Reisinger|first = Don|date = December 14, 2016|accessdate = December 21, 2016|publisher = Fortune Magazine}} 112. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-prime-air-drone-delivery-service-completes-first-transaction-uk-england-2016-12|title = Watch Amazon make its first drone delivery|last = Fierberg|first = Emma|date = December 14, 2016|accessdate = December 21, 2016|publisher = Business Insider}} 113. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-16/amazon-to-acquire-whole-foods-in-13-7-billion-bet-on-groceries|title=Amazon to Acquire Whole Foods for $13.7 Billion|date=2017-06-16|work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-06-19}} 114. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=17044620011|title=Amazon HQ2|accessdate=September 14, 2017}} 115. ^{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/09/11/technology/amazon-cities/index.html|title=8 cities fit for Amazon's second headquarters|publisher=CNN|date=September 11, 2017|accessdate=September 14, 2017}} 116. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/18/technology/amazon-finalists-headquarters.html|title=Amazon Chooses 20 Finalists for Second Headquarters|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2018}} 117. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2018/01/21/amazon-set-open-its-grocery-store-without-checkout-line-public/1048492001/|title=Amazon opens its grocery store without a checkout line to the public|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2018}} 118. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-turkey/amazon-launches-in-turkey-idUSKCN1LZ0GL |title=Amazon launches in Turkey |agency=Reuters |date=September 19, 2018 |accessdate=September 19, 2018}} 119. ^{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/10/02/technology/amazon-minimum-wage/index.html|title=Amazon announces $15 minimum wage for all US employees|first=Danielle Wiener-Bronner and Chris|last=Isidore|publisher=|accessdate=5 October 2018}} 120. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-us-uk-employees|title=Amazon raises minimum wage for US and UK employees|first=Richard|last=Partington|date=2 October 2018|website=the Guardian|accessdate=5 October 2018}} 121. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/12/tech/amazon-hq2-new-york-virginia/index.html|title=Amazon picks New York and Northern Virginia for HQ2|first=Kaya|last=Yurieff|date=13 November 2018|website=cnn.com|accessdate=5 October 2018}} 122. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2018/10/business/amazon-history-timeline/index.html|title=Amazon's extraordinary evolution: A timeline|last=DePillis|first=Lydia|last2=Sherman|first2=Ivory|website=www.cnn.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-07}} }}{{Amazon.com}} 2 : Amazon (company)|History of companies of the United States |
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