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词条 HMS Achates (1912)
释义

  1. Design and construction

  2. Service

  3. Disposal

  4. Pennant numbers

  5. Notes

  6. Citations

  7. References

{{Other ships|HMS Achates}}{{Use British English|date=February 2019}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image = File:HMS Achates IWM Q 020906.jpg Ship image size = 300 Ship caption = HMS Achates
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUK|naval}}Ship name= HMS AchatesShip namesake=Ship ordered=Ship awarded=Ship builder=John Brown & Company, ClydebankShip original cost=Ship yard number=Ship way number=Ship laid down=15 January 1912Ship launched=14 November 1912Ship sponsor=Ship christened=Ship completed=March 1913Ship acquired=Ship commissioned=Ship recommissioned=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship reclassified=Ship refit=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship homeport=Ship identification=Ship motto=Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship captured=Ship fate=Sold for scrap on 9 May 1921Ship status=Ship notes=Ship badge=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Acasta|destroyer}}Ship displacement=935 tons267|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}27|ft|0|in|m|abbr=on|1}}10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on|1}}Ship draft=Ship propulsion=* Yarrow-type water-tube boilers
  • Parsons steam turbines
29|kn|km/h|lk=in}}Ship range=Ship endurance=Ship complement=74Ship sensors=Ship EW=4|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} Mk IV guns
  • 2 × torpedo tubes
Ship armour=Ship notes=
}}

HMS Achates was an {{sclass-|Acasta|destroyer|5}} (or K)-class destroyer of the British Royal Navy. She was built by the Scottish shipbuilder John Brown and was built between 192 and 1913. Like all Acasta-class destroyers, Achates was armed with three {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns and two torpedo tubes, with a specified speed of {{convert|29|kn|lk=in}}.

Achates served throughout the First World War, serving with the Grand Fleet in the early years of the war, and taking part in the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Later in the war she served as a convoy escort. She was sold for scrapping in 1921.

Design and construction

Under the 1911–1912 shipbuilding programme for the Royal Navy, the British Admiralty ordered 20 {{sclass-|Acasta|destroyer}}s, with 12 to the standard Admiralty design and 8 more builder's specials, with detailed design left to the builders. The Scottish shipbuilder John Brown & Company received an order for three Acastas ({{HMS|Acasta|1912|2}}, Achates and {{HMS|Ambuscade|1913|2}}) under the programme, all to be built to the standard Admiralty design.[1]

The Acastas were larger and more powerful than the {{sclass-|Acorn|destroyer|2}}s ordered under the previous year's programme.[1] Greater speed was wanted to match large fast destroyers building for foreign navies, while a larger radius of action was desired.[2] The destroyers built to the Admiralty standard design were {{convert|267|ft|6|in|m|1}} long overall and {{convert|260|ft|0|in|m|1}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|27|ft|0|in|m|1}} and a draught of {{convert|10|ft|5|in|m|1}}. Displacement was {{convert|892|LT|t}} Normal and {{convert|1072|LT|t}} Deep load.[3]{{#tag:ref|Achates was listed as having a displacement of 982 tons in 1919.[5]|group=lower-alpha}}

Four Yarrow boilers fed steam to direct drive Brown-Curtis steam turbines rated at {{convert|24500|shp|lk=in}} and driving two shafts. This gave a speed of {{convert|29|kn|lk=in}}.[1]{{#tag:ref|While the nominal speed of the Acastas at 29 knots was the same as the Acorns, this speed was required at full load displacement rather than the lighter displacements previously used. A trial speed of {{convert|29.5|kn}} at full load corresponded to a speed of {{convert|32|kn}} at the lighter loads previously specified.[4]|group=lower-alpha}} Three funnels were fitted.[5] The ship had an endurance of {{convert|1540|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.[3] The ships had a crew of 73 officers and ratings.[1]

Armament consisted of three {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|0}} guns mounted on the ship's centreline, with one forward and two aft, with 120 rounds of ammunition carried per gun, together with two {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|0}} torpedo tubes. Two reload torpedoes were carried.[6] The ship was fitted with a 2-pounder "pom-pom" anti-aircraft autocannon during the First World War, while in 1918 the torpedo tubes and one of the 4-inch guns was removed to allow a heavy depth charge armament to be carried.[7]

Achates (named after Achates, the companion of Aeneas in the Aeneid[8]) was laid down at John Brown's Clydebank shipyard on 15 January 1912,[9] with the yard number 413,[10] and was launched on 14 November 1912.[9] In 1913 the Admiralty decided to reclassify the Royal Navy's destroyers into alphabetical classes, with the Acasta class becoming the K class. New names were allocated to the ships of the K class, with the name Knight being reserved for Achates, but the ships were not renamed.[1]{{#tag:ref|It was considered unlucky to rename ships after they had been launched,[1] which would also create considerable administrative problems.[11] In addition, Winston Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty noted that the names allocated to the Ks "are not good names".[12]|group=lower-alpha}} Achates reached a speed of {{convert|32.3|kn}} during sea trials.[13] She was completed in March 1913.[9]

Service

Following commissioning, as with the rest of her class, Achates joined the 4th Destroyer Flotilla based at Portsmouth.[14][15]

On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the 4th Flotilla, including Achates, became part of the Grand Fleet based at Scapa Flow in the Orkneys.[15][16] On 25 October 1914, Achates, together with {{HMS|Ardent|1913|2}}, Ambuscade and {{HMS|Fortune|1913|2}}, escorted the Second Battlecruiser Squadron when it sailed in support of an unsuccessful raid by seaplane carriers and the Harwich Force against airship sheds at Cuxhaven.[17] Attacks on shipping by the German submarine {{SMU|U-21||2}} in the Irish Sea in late January 1915 resulted in a large number of destroyers being sent from the Harwich Force and the Grand Fleet to hunt for the large number of submarines that were feared to be active in the Irish Sea. Achates was part of a division of five destroyers ({{HMS|Faulknor|1914|2}}, Achates, Ambuscade, {{HMS|Owl|1913|2}} and {{HMS|Hardy|1912|2}}) that arrived at Milford Haven on 2 February. By the time the destroyers reached the Irish Sea and began anti-submarine patrols, U-21 had already left the area.[18] On 13 February, Achates was one of seven destroyers from the 4th Flotilla ordered to patrol in the North Channel between Northern Ireland and Scotland as a result of attacks by the German submarine {{SMU|U-27||2}}. The destroyers remained in the area for a week.[19]

Achates was under refit on 24 April 1916, and so did not take part in the Grand Fleet's sortie in response to the German Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft.[20] Achates was one of 19 ships of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla that sailed in support of the Grand Fleet during the Battle of Jutland on 31 May/1 June 1916.[21] During the night of 31 May/1 June, the 4th Flotilla had a number of engagements with the German battlefleet. At about 22:30 hr, the flotilla encountered German cruisers and battleships. The flotilla leader {{HMS|Tipperary|1915|2}} was badly damaged by German shells (mainly from the battleship {{SMS|Westfalen||2}}) and later sank, while the leading ships in the British formation fired a total of nine torpedoes, none of which hit. Achates, seventh in line, did not fire any torpedoes.[22][23] In manoeuvring to avoid the torpedoes, the German cruiser {{SMS|Elbing||2}} was rammed by the battleship {{SMS|Posen||2}}, with Elbing later being scuttled, while the British destroyer {{HMS|Spitfire|1912|2}} collided with the German battleship {{SMS|Nassau||2}}.[24] Shortly afterwards (about 23:50), the flotilla, now led by {{HMS|Broke|1914|2}}, again encountered the same group of battleships and cruisers. Broke was badly damaged by fire from the cruiser {{SMS|Rostock||2}} and Westfalen, and collided with the destroyer {{HMS|Sparrowhawk|1912|2}}, which was also rammed by {{HMS|Contest|1913|2}} and was later scuttled. Rostock was hit by a single torpedo, fired by Ambuscade or Contest, and was also later scuttled.[25] Achates did not fire any torpedoes in this engagement, as her commanding officer believed that British cruisers were in the vicinity.[26] Achates found herself leading the remains of the flotilla, but after a third encounter with the German battleships, in which {{HMS|Fortune|1913|2}} was sunk, lost contact with the rest of the flotilla, turning away in the belief that she was being pursued by German cruiser.[27]

In order to counter German minelayers and to protect British minesweepers in the North Sea, the 4th Flotilla, including Achates, transferred to Immingham on the Humber estuary at the end of July 1916.[28][29][30][31][32] The flotilla, including Achates, moved again to Portsmouth in November that year.[33][34][29] On 16 December 1916 Achates was patrolling with Owl and Contest off The Lizard when they received a report of a German submarine (actually {{SMU|UB-38||2}}) attacking shipping off the Cornish coast. They searched for the submarine, deploying explosive paravanes, but although one of Achates{{'}}s paravanes detonated during the search, UB-38 escaped unharmed.[35] On 20 December the same three destroyers were ordered to patrol off Ushant in response to U-boat sightings.[36] On 13 January 1917, Achates was patrolling off the Channel Islands, when she encountered the Japanese steamer Hakata Maru, which was being pursued by a German submarine, possibly {{SMU|UC-18||2}} or {{SMU|UC-38||2}}, resulting in the submarine diving away and saving the steamer.[37] On 24 May 1917, Achates was on patrol off Berry Head, Dorset, when gunfire was heard and the destroyer investigated, sighting the fishing vessel Competitor, which had been fired upon by the German submarine UB-38, and whose crew had abandoned ship. Achates streamed explosive paravanes, both of which detonated, although UB-38 escaped unharmed, and Competitor{{'}} s crew re-boarded the fishing vessel.[38] In May 1917, Achates formed part of the escort for the first convoy from Gibraltar to Britain.[39] On 6 July 1918, Achates was one of six destroyers escorting the Atlantic convoy HH.4, inbound from the Hampton Roads, when the oiler SS Wabasha was torpedoed by the German submarine {{SMU|UB-32||2}}. Achates dropped ten depth charges on the submarine, followed by four from {{HMS|Garland|1913|2}}, but the submarine escaped unharmed. Wabasha survived the torpedoing being escorted into Falmouth by {{HMS|Spitfire|1912|2}}.[40] Achates remained part of the 4th Flotilla at the end of the war on 11 November 1918.[41][42]

Disposal

At the end of the war, all pre-war destroyers were quickly withdrawn from active service.[43] Achates was listed as being at The Nore in January 1919,[44] and by July was listed as in reserve.[45] She was reduced to Care and Maintenance status on 4 February 1920,[46] and was sold to Ward for scrapping at their Rainham yard on 9 May 1921.[43]

Pennant numbers

Pennant number[43]FromTo
H4619141918
H01 January 1918-

Notes

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=75}}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|pp=124–125, 276–277}}
3. ^1 {{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=293}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|pp=124–125}}
5. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=126}}
6. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|pp=124–126, 295}}
7. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=124}}
8. ^{{Harvnb|Manning|Walker|1959|p=68}}
9. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=306}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=Achates |work=Scottish Built Ships |publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust |date= |url=https://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=3288&vessel=ACHATES |accessdate=12 February 2019}}
11. ^{{Harvnb|Manning|1961|p=18}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=277}}
13. ^1 {{Harvnb|Moore|1990|p=73}}
14. ^{{cite magazine |title=Fleets and Squadrons in Commission at Home and Abroad: Flotillas of the First Fleet |magazine=The Navy List |date=May 1913 |page=269a |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/94267910 |accessdate=12 February 2019 |via=National Library of Scotland}}
15. ^1 {{Harvnb|Manning|1961|p=25}}
16. ^{{Harvnb|Jellicoe |1919|pp=7–9}}
17. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 24|1924|pp=136–140}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925|pp=14–16}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925|p=107–108}}
20. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 32|1927|p=44}}
21. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell| 1998| pp=14, 23}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|p=287}}
23. ^{{Harvnb|Official Despatches|1920|p=308}}
24. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998| pp=286–287, 292, 295}}
25. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|pp=287–288, 316–317}}
26. ^{{Harvnb|Official Despatches|1920|p=309}}
27. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|p=289}}
28. ^{{Harvnb|Newbolt|1928|pp= 24–25}}
29. ^1 {{Harvnb|Manning|1961|p=26}}
30. ^{{cite journal|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: I. — The Grand Fleet: Destroyer Flotillas of the Grand Fleet|journal=The Navy List|date=July 1916|page=12|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=92073450&mode=fullsize}}
31. ^{{cite journal|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: III.—Humber Force|journal=The Navy List|date=August 1916|page=13|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=92073846}}
32. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927|p=259}}
33. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: III. — Humber Force|journal=The Navy List|date=November 1916|page=13|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92098378}}
34. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: VIII.—Local Defence Flotillas|journal=The Navy List|date=December 1916|page=17|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92098810}}
35. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|pp=51–52}}
36. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|pp=85–86}}
37. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|p=144}}
38. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939|p=67–68}}
39. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939|pp=117–118}}
40. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939|pp=161, 198}}
41. ^{{cite web |title=Ships of the Royal Navy - Location/Action Date, 1914–1918: Part 2 - Admiralty "Pink Lists", 11 November 1918 |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishShips-Locations2PL1811.htm |publisher=Naval-History.net |accessdate=15 February 2019 }}
42. ^{{cite magazine |title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: VII.–Local Defence and Escort Flotillas |magazine=The Navy List |date=December 1918 |page=17|url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92315674?&mode=fullsize|accessdate=15 February 2019}}
43. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Dittmar|Colledge|1972|p=63}}
44. ^{{cite magazine |title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: XI.—Vessels at Home Ports Temporarily: Nore. |magazine=The Navy List |date=January 1919 |page=19 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92371002 |accessdate=15 February 2019}}
45. ^{{cite magazine |title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.: V.—Vessels in Reserve at Home Ports and Other Bases: Nore. |magazine=The Navy List |date=July 1919 |page=16 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92499842 |accessdate=15 February 2019}}
46. ^{{cite magazine |title=5: Achates. (Ch.): Torpedo Boat Destroyer |magazine=The Navy List |date=October 1920 |page=722 |url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/94452412 |accessdate=15 February 2019}}

Citations

{{reflist}}

References

  • {{cite book |title=Battle of Jutland, 30th May to 1st June 1916: Official Despatches with Appendices |year=1920 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/battleofjutland300grearich |ref={{Harvid |Official Despatches |1920 }}}}
  • {{cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |title=Jutland: An Analysis of the Fighting |year=1998 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-750-3 |ref=harv }}
  • {{cite book |last1=Dittmar |first1=F. J. |last2=Colledge |first2=J. J. |title=British Warships 1914–1919 |year=1972 |publisher=Ian Allan |location=Shepperton, UK |isbn=0-7110-0380-7 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Friedman |first=Norman |title=British Destroyers: From Earliest Days to the Second World War |year=2009 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, UK |isbn=978-1-84832-049-9 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |editor-last1=Gardiner |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Gray |editor-first2=Randal |title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 |year=1985 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=London |isbn=0-85177-245-5 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Jellicoe |first= John |title=The Grand Fleet 1914–1916: Its Creation, Development and Work |year=1919 |location=London |publisher=Cassell and Company, Ltd. |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Manning |first=T. D. |title=The British Destroyer |year=1961 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Manning |first1=T. D. |last2=Walker |first2=C. F. |title=British Warship Names |year=1959 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |title= Monograph No. 24: Home Waters Part II: September and October 1914 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume= XI |year=1924 |publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |url= http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XI_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 24 |1924}} }}
  • {{cite book |title=Monograph No. 29: Home Waters—Part IV.: From February to July 1915 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume=XIII |year=1925 |publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid |Naval Staff Monograph No. 29 |1925 }} }}
  • {{cite book |title=Monograph No. 32: Lowestoft Raid: 24th – 25th April, 1916 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume=XVI |year=1927 |publisher=The Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf |ref={{Harvid |Naval Staff Monograph No. 32 |1927 }} }}
  • {{cite book |title= Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume= XVII |year=1927 |publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927}} }}
  • {{cite book |title= Monograph No. 34: Home Waters Part VIII: December 1916 to April 1917 |series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical) |volume= XVIII |year=1933 |publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division |url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVIII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933}} }}
  • {{cite book |last=Moore |first=John |title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I |year=1990 |publisher=Studio |location=London |isbn=1-85170-378-0 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Newbolt|first=Henry|title=History of the Great War: Naval Operations: Vol. IV|year=1928|publisher=Longmans Green|location=London| url=https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb |oclc=220475138|ref=harv}}
{{Acasta class destroyer}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Achates (1912)}}

4 : Acasta-class destroyers|World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom|1912 ships|Ships built on the River Clyde
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