| 词条 | HMS Ceres (1777) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Ceres was an 18-gun sloop launched in 1777 for the British Royal Navy that the French captured in December 1778 off Saint Lucia. The French Navy took her into service as Cérès. The British recaptured her in 1782 and renamed her HMS Raven, only to have the French recapture her again early in 1783. The French returned her name to Cérès, and she then served in the French Navy until sold at Brest in 1791. HMS CeresCeres was the only ship-sloop of her design. The British Admiralty ordered her in 1774 with the requirement that her design follow that of {{HMS|Pomona|1761|6}}, the 18-gun French sloop-of-war Cheveret,{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=263}} which the Royal Navy had captured on 30 January 1761 and that had disappeared, presumed foundered, during a hurricane in 1776.{[sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=50}} Commander Samuel Warren commissioned Ceres in March 1777. In September, Commander James Dacres replaced Warren.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=263}} Dacres sailed to the West Indies, arriving in December. On 9 March 1778, near Barbados, {{HMS|Ariadne|1776|2}} and Ceres encountered two vessels belonging to the Continental Navy, {{USS|Raleigh|1776|2}} and {{USS|Alfred|1774|2}}.[1] When the American ships attempted to flee, Alfred fell behind her faster consort. Shortly after noon the British men-of-war caught up with Alfred and forced her to surrender after a half an hour's battle. Her captors described Alfred as being of 300 tons and 180 men, and under the command of Elisha Hinsman.[1] On 18 October 1778, Ceres captured the French privateer Tigre.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=263}} A little over a month later, on 17 December 1778, the French captured Ceres off St Lucia. Ceres was escorting a convoy of transport at the time, and Dacres acted to decoy the French 50-gun ship of the line {{ship|French ship|Sagittaire|1762|2}} and frigate {{ship|French frigate|Iphigénie|1778|2}} away from the convoy, which Dacres sent on to Saint Lucia. After a chase of 48 hours, Dacres was forced to strike to Iphigénie as Sagittaire was only three miles astern and closing.{{sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=54}} The British fleet under Admiral Barrington that had captured St Lucia, captured the American privateer {{ship||Bunker Hill|1778 ship|2}} on 22 December 1778. Barrington decided to take her into service as HMS Surprize as she was a fast sailer and he had just been informed that the French had captured Ceres.[2] Barrington also arranged an exchange of prisoners with the French, the crew of Bunker Hill for the crew of Ceres.[3] Dacres subsequently returned to England. CérèsThe French Navy coppered Cérès after they captured her. She came to be known as Petite Cérès to distinguish her from the French 32-gun frigate {{ship|French frigate|Cérès|1779|2}} launched in 1779 (and broken up in 1797).{{sfnp|Demerliac|1796||p=72, №453}} In 1779 Cérès was under the Marquis de Traversay. Under his command she seized numerous British transports. In October, Ceres participated in the attempt by French and Continental Army to retake Savannah. Despite the assistance of a French naval squadron commanded by Comte d'Estaing, the effort was a spectacular failure, In 1780 Cérès was part of the fleet under Admiral the comte de Guichen. She participated in the battle of Martinique on 17 April, and in two subsequent fleet engagements on 15 and 19 May.{{sfnp|Schomberg|1802|pp=362-3}} In September, Cérès arrived at Cadiz as a member of a squadron under Guichen that escorted 95 merchant vessels back from the West Indies. On 7 November, Admiral the Comte d'Estaing sortied from Cadiz with the Franco-Spanish fleet there. Cérès, under the command of Traversay, was in the Van Division. The fleet soon returned to port, not having accomplished anything.{{sfnp|Schomberg|1802|pp=356-8}} {{main|Battle of the Mona Passage}}Rodney's fleet recaptured Cérès in the Mona Passage in April 1782. The actual captor was {{HMS|Champion|21779|2}}, under the command of Captain Alexander Hood. Champion was part of a squadron under Alexander Hood's brother, Sir Samuel Hood, which Rodney detached in the wake of the battle of the Saintes. Cérès departed Guadeloupe on 15 April 1782.{{sfnp|Roche|2005|p=104}} On 19 April the British sighted five small French warships and gave chase to them, capturing four. Cérès was under the command of Baron de Peroy, who became friends with his captor, Alexander Hood. After the war Alexander Hood visited Peroy in France. Because the Royal Navy had a new {{HMS|Ceres|1781|6}}, a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1781, the Royal Navy renamed their capture HMS Raven.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=285}} HMS RavenBetween June and September 1782, Raven was at Plymouth, undergoing fitting. This included coppering.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=285}} In July 1782, Commander William Domett commissioned Raven. On 9 September Commander John Wells replaced Domett.{{sfnp|Winfield|2007|p=285}} At some point Wells sailed Raven to the West Indies. On 5 January 1783, Raven was in company with the 74-gun {{HMS|Hercules|1759|2}} off Montserrat when they sighted a strange sail. Raven sailed to investigate, but the strange vessel turned out to be a British merchantman, as did another. By this time Raven was well out of sight of Hercules.{{sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=71}} That evening and the next day there was no wind. At about 10a.m. on the morning of 7 January, Raven sighted two frigates sailing towards her from the direction of Guadeloupe. Raven initially sailed towards them until she realized that they were not British frigates.{{sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=71}} An all-day chase ensued until about 9p.m. when one of the frigates got within pistol-shot and fired a broadside that shot away Raven{{'}}s main topgallant-mast. The chase continued until about 10:30 p.m. when one of the frigates was again in range, with the other coming up rapidly. At this point Raven, which was under the command of Commander John Wells, struck.{{sfnp|Hepper|1994|p=71}} The French Navy took Raven into service under the name Cérès. Wells and his crew remained prisoners of war until the end of the war a few months later. CérèsThe French Navy returned Raven to her earlier name, Cérès. FateThe French Navy sold Cérès at Brest in 1791.{{sfnp|Demerliac|1796||p=72, №453}}{{sfnp|Winfield & Roberts|2015|p=166}} Citations and referencesCitations1. ^1 {{London Gazette|date=12 September 1778|issue=11909|page=2}} References2. ^Remembrancer, Vol. 7, pp.282-5. 3. ^The Connecticut Journal [New Haven], 24 February 1779.
4 : 1777 ships|Sloops of the Royal Navy|Captured ships|Corvettes of the French Navy |
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