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词条 HMS Princess Margaret
释义

  1. Construction and design

  2. Service

     World War I  Russian Civil War  Later career 

  3. References

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infobox caption= display title=
}}{{Infobox ship image		Ship image=File:HMS PRINCESS MARGARET.jpgShip image size=300pxShip caption=
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUnited Kingdom |naval}}Ship name=HMS Princess MargaretShip owner=Ship namesake=Ship ordered=Ship builder=William Denny, DunbartonShip laid down=Ship launched= 24 June 1914Ship acquired=Chartered 26 December 1914Ship completed=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship honours=Ship honors=Ship fate=Sold May 1929Ship status=Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class=5934}}395|ft|6|in|m|2|abbr=on}} oa54|ft|m|2|abbr=on}}16|ft|10|in|m|2|abbr=on}}Ship draft=Ship propulsion=
  • Steam turbines
  • 2 shafts
15000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}22.5|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}Ship range=Ship complement=225Ship sensors=Ship EW=Ship armament=* 2× 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns
  • 2 × 12-pounder (76 mm) guns
  • 2 × 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-aircraft guns
  • 1 × 2-pounder (40 mm) anti-aircraft gun
  • 500 mines
Ship armour=Ship notes=
}}

HMS Princess Margaret was a minelayer operated by the British Royal Navy during and after the First World War. She was built by the Scottish shipbuilder William Denny for the Canadian Pacific Railway as a ({{convert|23|kn}} liner to serve on the Pacific West Coast, and as such was powered by geared steam turbines, giving a speed of {{convert|23|kn}}.

The outbreak of war caused her to be taken over by the Royal Navy and to be converted to a minelayer, carrying as many as 500 mines. She was widely used for minelaying in the North Sea and English Channel during the war, which she survived, having laid the most mines of any Royal Navy ship during the war. She remained in Royal Navy service following the end of the war, taking part in the British intervention in the Russian Civil War. She was sold for scrap in 1929.

Construction and design

In 1914, two fast passenger ships, {{HMS|Princess Irene||2}} and Princess Margaret, were being built by the Scottish shipbuilder William Denny for the Canadian Pacific Railway to use in its service between Vancouver and Seattle. Princess Margaret was launched at Denny's Dunbarton shipyard on 24 June 1914.[1][2][3]

At the outbreak of the First World War, the Royal Navy's minelaying capability was confined to seven old cruisers of the {{sclass-|Apollo|cruiser|4}}. These ships could carry 100–140 mines, and although originally having a design speed of {{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}, by 1914 they were only capable of {{convert|15|kn|mph km/h}}.[4][5][6]

To improve the minelaying capability of the Royal Navy, Princess Irene and Princess Margaret were requisitioned and converted to minelayers. They were {{convert|395|ft|6|in|m}} long overall with a beam of {{convert|54|ft|m|2}} and a draught of {{convert|16|ft|9|in|m}}.[7] The ships had a gross register tonnage of 5934 t.[8][9] Ten Babcock & Wilcox water-tube boilers fed steam at {{convert|202|psi|kPa}} to geared steam turbines driving two shafts.[2][9] The machinery was rated at {{convert|15000|shp|kW|lk=in}} giving a speed of {{convert|22.5|kn|mph km/h}}.[7] They had a crew of 225.[2]

Armament consisted of two 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, two 12-pounder (76 mm) guns, two 6-pounder (57 mm) anti-aircraft guns and one 2-pounder pom-pom anti-aircraft autocannon.[7] They could carry up to 500 mines.[8]

Service

World War I

Princess Margaret was commissioned on 26 December 1914. By March 1915, she was listed as being a member of the Minelaying Squadron.[10] On 8 May 1915 Princess Margaret and Princess Irene laid a minefield northwest of Heligoland, with Princess Margaret laying 490 mines.[11][12] On 16 August 1915, Princess Margaret, escorted by two divisions of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla, eight destroyers in total, was tasked with laying a minefield on the Amrum Bank. At about 8:45 pm five patrolling German destroyers encountered the British force near the Horns Reefs light vessel. The German destroyer {{SMS|B98||2}} fired two torpedoes, one of which stuck the British destroyer {{HMS|Mentor|1914|2}}. Princess Margaret turned away to avoid the attack, with the rest of the British destroyers (most of which had not spotted the German ships and thought that Mentor had struck a mine) following. The German force also turned away, and Mentor, which had her bow blown off, was left by herself to make her way back to base. Despite the damage, Mentor made it safely back to Harwich.[13][14] On 10 September 1915 Princess Margaret and the minelayers {{HMS|Angora|1911|2}} and {{HMS|Orvieto|1909|2}} set out from the Humber with a close escort of six destroyers and with heavy distant covering forces (including most of the rest of the Harwich Force and the Battle Cruiser Force out of Rosyth) on Operation CY, another attempt to lay a minefield off the Amrum Bank. This time the Germans did not interfere, and the three minelayers laid a total of 1,450 mines on the night of 10/11 September.[15][16] The German light cruiser {{SMS|Graudenz||2}} struck a mine in this minefield on the night of 21/22 April 1916.[17] On the night of 8/9 November 1915 Princess Margaret and Angora laid another field of 850 mines to replace the field laid in September, which had been discovered by the Germans. While the minefield was laid successfully, the destroyer {{HMS|Matchless|1914|2}}, part of the covering force, struck a German mine on the return journey to Harwich.[18][19]

By March 1916, Princess Margaret was listed as flagship of the Minesweeping Squadron.[20] On 20 March 1916, Princess Margaret, Orviedo, {{HMS|Paris|1913|2}} and {{HMS|Biarritz|1915|2}} laid mines in the North Sea approaches to the English Channel and Thames, between the North Hinder and Galloper light ships.[21] On 24 April 1916, Princess Margaret, together with Biarritz, Orvieto and Paris, laid a large minefield off the Belgian coast, which was supplemented by mine-nets laid by trawlers, in order to constrain the activities of German submarines based in Flanders.[22][23] On 3–4 May 1916, the British launched Operation XX, an attempt to lure the German High Seas Fleet out to sea where it could be attacked, and to draw German naval forces away from the Baltic. The seaplane carriers {{HMS|Vindex|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Engadine|1911|2}} would launch an air attack on the German Airship base at Tondern. Minefields would be laid at the exits of the swept channels through the Heligoland Bight, which any German forces sortieing in response would have to pass through, with 10 submarines waiting off the Horns Reef and off Terschelling. The Battle Cruiser Force would be waiting {{convert|35|nmi}} off Terschelling, while the battleships of the Grand Fleet would provide distant cover.[24][25][26] Princess Margaret set off from the Humber on 3 May 1916, escorted by the destroyers {{HMS|Lark|1913|2}} and {{HMS|Lucifer|1913|2}}, bound for the western end of the Heligoland Bight. Princess Margaret left her escorts {{convert|60|nmi}} west of the proposed minefield, continuing alone, and successfully laid 530 mines.[27] The air raid itself was a failure, with only one aircraft managing to attack its target, and the hoped for confrontation between the British and German fleets did not occur, although one German airship, L 7, was shot down by the British light cruisers {{HMS|Galatea|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Phaeton|1914|2}}.[28][29]

On 15 May 1916, Princess Margaret laid mines off the Belgian coast to reinforce the existing minefields.[30] Princess Margaret and Paris laid mines near the Thornton Ridge on 24 May 1916, and on 4 August 1916, the British light cruiser {{HMS|Cleopatra|1915|2}} stuck a mine off the Thornton Ridge, probably from this minefield.[31] On 18 May 1916, as a response to the German Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 April that year, Princess Margaret, Paris and Biarritz laid a defensive minefield between Lowestoft and Caister to prevent further attacks by German surface warships.[32] On 28 November 1916 Princess Margaret returned to operations in the Bight when, escorted by the destroyers {{HMS|Ferret|1911|2}}, {{HMS|Sandfly|1911|2}} and {{HMS|Moorsom|1914|2}}, she laid 500 mines {{convert|20|nmi}} west of Borkum.[33]

Early in 1917, Admiral Beatty, commander of the Grand Fleet, proposed to completely block off the Heligoland Bight with mines. While this was not practicable at the time owing to a lack of efficient mines, minelaying operations in the Bight continued steadily in January 1917. Princess Margaret and {{HMS|Wahine|1913|2}} laid 452 mines in the central part of the Bight on 25 January.[34][35] Operations in the Bight continued in February, with Princess Margaret laying 543 mines out of a total of 1464 laid in the Bight that month.[36] A minefield laid by Princess Margaret on 29 March 1917 may have sunk the German submarine {{ship|SM|UC-30||2}} sometime after 19 April that year.[37] On the night of 20/21 April, Princess Margaret, Angora, Wahine and {{HMS|Ariadne|1898|2}} laid 1308 mines south west of the Horns Reef, the largest minefield of the war, while on 27/28 April, Princess Margaret, Angora and Wahine laid another 1000 mines {{convert|60|nmi}} north west of Heligoland.[38] As well as mining the Bight, Princess Margaret continued to lay defensive minefields in home waters, and on 8 May 1917, together with Angora and Wahine, laid 416 mines off Orfordness.[39] On 20 May 1917, Princess Margaret, Angora and Wahine laid a field of 1000 mines {{convert|7|nmi}} north of Vlieland. While quickly discovered by the Germans, this minefield proved highly effective, sinking the minesweeper {{SMS|M47||2}} on 8 June 1917, SS Turin on 15 June 1916 and the submarine {{ship|SM|UB-61||2}} on 29 November 1917.[40] Later that month, Princess Margaret was under repair owing to turbine problems.[41]

From 21 November 1917, Princess Margaret took part, together with the minelayers {{HMS|Amphitrite|1898|2}} and Paris, the minelaying destroyers Ferret, {{HMS|Ariel|1911|2}}, {{HMS|Legion|1914|2}} and {{HMS|Meteor|1914|2}} and several minelaying trawlers, in laying the Dover Barrage, a series of deep minefields between Cap Gris Nez and Folkestone intended to stop German submarines from entering the Channel from the east. Princess Margaret continued operations in the Channel until January 1918, when she was withdrawn to take part in the Northern Barrage, a more ambitious plan to block the exits of the North Sea to stop German U-boats from attacking shipping in the Atlantic.[42] The start of laying the Northern Barrage was delayed by problems setting up bases and by the late arrival of American minelayers,[43] and Princess Margaret, together with {{HMS|Abdiel|1915|2}} and the cruisers {{HMS|Aurora|1913|2}}, {{HMS|Boadicea|1908|2}} and {{HMS|Penelope|1914|2}}, laid a series of deep minefields at the entrance of the Kattegat to block passage from the Baltic to the North Sea, and later in February took part in laying a series of minefields near the Dogger Bank.[44][45] Work began on laying the Northern Barrage in March 1918.[46] By the end of the war, Princess Margaret had laid 25,242 mines, more than any other Royal Navy ship in the war.[47]

Russian Civil War

Shortly after the end of World War I, Princess Margaret was part of the initial British deployment to the Baltic during the British intervention in the Russian Civil War. She and Angora delivered supplies, including 5000 rifles, to the nascent Estonian army at the port of Reval in November 1918.[48] In December 1918, Princess Margaret, together with the cruiser {{HMS|Ceres|D59|2}} and two destroyers, was deployed to Latvia. The ships reached Riga on 19 December, and found the city in danger of capture by advancing Bolshevik forces. As the situation deteriorated, Princess Margaret embarked 350 refugees (mainly British, Allied and neutral civilians) on 28 December, with more refugees being embarked before the force left Riga on 3 January 1919, shortly before the city was captured by the Red Army. Princess Margaret then returned to Britain with the rest of the force, reaching Rosyth on 10 January.[49]

Princess Margaret was formally purchased by the Royal Navy on 14 June 1919,[8] and soon returned to the Baltic as the British intervention continued, this time as a minelayer rather than a transport, and in company with the minelaying destroyers of the 20th Destroyer Flotilla, reaching Reval at the end of June.[50] Princess Margaret and the minelaying destroyers laid minefields to protect the British base at Reval from potential attacks by Russian ships, with Princess Margaret returning to Britain in September once the minefields had been laid.[51] She returned to the Baltic in October 1919, and was present when the German-controlled West Russian Volunteer Army attacked Riga, which had been freed from the Bolsheviks earlier in the year, on 8 October. On 12 October, refugees from the fighting, including members of the British Missions, were embarked aboard Princess Margaret.[52] Princess Margaret returned to Britain in December 1919.[53]

Later career

Princess Margaret was refitted as an Admiralty Yacht in 1921.[9] On 7 November 1924, Princess Margaret collided with the Danish auxiliary sailing vessel Marie Margaretha in the English Channel {{convert|10|nmi}} off the Owers Lightship. Marie Margaretha sank, and Princess Margaret rescued all twelve members of her crew.[54]Princess Margaret was sold for scrap on 30 May 1929.[8]

References

1. ^{{Harvnb|Smith|2009|p=12}}
2. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Le Fleming|1960|p=24}}
3. ^{{Harvnb|Colledge|Warlow|2006|p=278}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Smith|2005|p=5}}
5. ^{{Harvnb|Dittmar|Colledge|1972|p=117}}
6. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 28|1925|p=161}}
7. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Moore|1990|p=85}}
8. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|Dittmar|Colledge|1972|p=118}}
9. ^1 2 {{Cite web|title=PRINCESS MARGARET|url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?year_built=&builder=&ref=15497&vessel=PRINCESS+MARGARET|website=clydeships.co.uk|publisher=Caledonian Maritime Research Trust|year=2018|accessdate=15 November 2018}}
10. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.:I.—Home and Atlantic Waters: Minelayer Squadron|journal=The Navy List|date=March 1915|page=13|url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/91953726|accessdate=16 November 2018}}
11. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925|pp=202–203}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1921|p=400}}
13. ^{{Harvnb| Naval Staff Monograph No. 30|1926|pp=145–152}}
14. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|p=127}}
15. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 30|1926|pp=165–167}}
16. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|pp=127–128}}
17. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 32|1927|p=9}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|pp=13–15}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|p=263}}
20. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers' Commands &c.:III.—Miscellaneous Ships in Home Waters or on Detached Service: Minelayer Squadron|journal=The Navy List|date=March 1916|page=14|url=https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/92030266|accessdate=16 November 2018}}
21. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|p=290}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Bacon The Dover Patrol Vol. I|1919|pp=156–157}}
23. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|p=54}}
24. ^{{Harvnb|Halpern|1994|p=314}}
25. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|pp=309–310}}
26. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|pp=196–197}}
27. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|pp=196, 200–201}}
28. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|pp=201–204}}
29. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1923|pp=310–311}}
30. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|pp=212–213}}
31. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927|p=79}}
32. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926|p=211}}
33. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927|pp=219–220}}
34. ^{{Harvnb|Newbolt|1928|pp= 342–343}}
35. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|pp=107–108}}
36. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|p=189}}
37. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|p=437}}
38. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|pp=391–392}}
39. ^{{harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933|p=177}}
40. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939|pp=15–16}}
41. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939|p=16}}
42. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|pp=72–77}}
43. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|pp=66–67}}
44. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|p=79}}
45. ^{{Harvnb|Smith|2005|pp=32–37}}
46. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|p=67}}
47. ^{{Harvnb|Cowie|1949|pp=203–204}}
48. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2002|pp=34, 39}}
49. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2002|pp=47–50}}
50. ^{{Harvnb|Bennett|2002|pp=122, 129}}
51. ^{{Harvnb|Bennett|2002|pp=131, 163}}
52. ^{{Harvnb|Bennett|2002|pp=172–175}}
53. ^{{Harvnb|Bennett|2002|pp=211–212}}
54. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Casualty reports |day_of_week=Saturday |date=8 November 1924 |page_number=21 |issue=43804 |column=B }}
  • {{cite book|last=Bacon|first=Reginald|authorlink=Reginald Bacon|title=The Dover Patrol 1915–1917: Vol I|year=1919|publisher=Hutchinson & Co.|location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/doverpatrol1915101baco/page/n9|ref={{Harvid|Bacon The Dover Patrol Vol. I|1919}} }}
  • {{cite book|last=Barnett|first=Geoffrey|title=Freeing The Baltic|year=2002|publisher=Birlinn|location=Edinburgh|isbn=1-84341-001-X|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Colledge|first1=J. J.|last2=Warlow|first2=Ben|title=Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present|year=2006|publisher=Chatham Publishing|location=London|isbn=9781861762818|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian S.|title=Naval Operations: Volume II|series=History of the Great War|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1921|location=London|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Corbett|first=Julian S.|title=Naval Operations: Volume III|series=History of the Great War|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1923|location=London|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Cowie|first=J. S.|title=Mines, Minelayers and Minelaying|year=1949|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.166795/page/n7|oclc=603782274}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Dittmar|first1=F. J.|last2=Colledge|first2=J. J.|title=British Warships 1914–1919|year=1972|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton, UK|isbn=0-7110-0380-7|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Le Fleming|first=H. M.|title=Warships of World War 1: 4 – Miscellaneous Warships|year= 1960|publisher=Ian Allan|location=London|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Halpern|first=Paul G. |title=A Naval History of World War I|year=1994 |publisher=UCL Press|location=London|isbn=1-85728-498-4|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 28: Home Waters Part III: From November 1914 to the end of January 1915|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XII|year=1925|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 28|1925}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 29: Home Waters Part IV: From February to July 1915|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XIII|year=1925|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 30: Home Waters Part V: From July to October 1915|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XIV|year=1926|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIV_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 30|1926}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 31: Home Waters Part VI: From October 1915 to May 1916|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XV|year=1926|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XV_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 31|1926}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 32: The Lowestoft Raid: 24th–25th April, 1916|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XVI|year=1927|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVI_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 32|1927}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 33: Home Waters Part VII: From June 1916 to November 1916|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XVII|year=1927|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 34: Home Waters Part VIII: December 1916 to April 1917|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XVIII|year=1933|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XVIII_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 34|1933}} }}
  • {{cite book|title= Monograph No. 35: Home Waters Part IX: 1st May, 1917, to 31st July, 1917|series=Naval Staff Monographs (Historical)|volume= XIX|year=1939|publisher=Naval Staff, Training and Staff Duties Division|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/Naval-Staff-Monographs-Vol.XIX_opt.pdf |ref={{harvid|Naval Staff Monograph No. 35|1939}} }}
  • {{cite book|last=Moore|first=John|title=Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I|year=1990|publisher=Studio Editions|location=London|isbn=1-85170-378-0|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Newbolt|first=Henry|title=Naval Operations: Volume IV|series=History of the Great War|publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|year=1928 |url=https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb/page/n7 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.|title=Into The Minefields: British Destroyer Minelaying 1916–1960|year=2005|publisher=Pen & Sword Books|location=Barnsley, UK|isbn=1-84415-271-5|ref=harv}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Princess Margaret}}

6 : 1914 ships|Ships built on the River Clyde|Minelayers of the Royal Navy|World War I mine warfare vessels of the United Kingdom|Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War|Maritime incidents in 1924
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