“Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In 1872, Horace Greeley ran unsuccessfully for President of the United States. He served as the candidate of both the Democrats and the Liberal Republicans (a breakaway party that split off from the Republican Party due to its members' dislike of the corruption of the Republicans and the Republicans' Reconstruction policies), in the 1872 election.^[1] In the run-up to the 1872 U.S. Presidential election, major changes occurred in the United States. Specifically, the 15th Amendment gave African-Americans the right to vote for the first time, while the government cracked down on the Ku Klux Klan. In addition, the economy was still in good shape and President Ulysses S. Grant's corruption scandals for the most part were still not public knowledge. With this background, the incumbent U.S. President was able to decisively defeat Greeley.

The Liberal Republican nomination fight

The fight for the presidential nomination of the Liberal Republican Party was heavily contested in 1872. While U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis was the initial front-runner for the Liberal Republican nomination, his support weakened after he was relentlessly criticized and attacked in various newspapers. Thus, former United States Minister to the United Kingdom (and son of U.S. President John Quincy Adams) Charles Francis Adams, Sr. was able to open a lead at the 1872 Liberal Republican National Convention with 205 delegates.^[1] After Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown, another 1872 Liberal Republican candidate, dropped out of the race and endorsed New York Tribune editor and former Congressman^[2] Horace Greeley, Greeley was able to overtake Adams on the second ballot, with Greeley getting 245 delegates to Adams's 243. After a surge by U.S. Senator Lyman Trumbull on the third ballot, Greeley was able to retake the lead with 334 delegates on the sixth ballot. Later on, Greeley ended up winning the 1872 Liberal Republican nomination with 482 delegates to Adams's 187. Meanwhile, Gratz Brown was chosen by the delegates at this convention as Greeley's running mate.^[1]

The Greeley nomination was extremely surprising to U.S. Senator Carl Schurz, a prominent Liberal Republican, as well as to the other supporters of Charles Francis Adams. Both the press and the public were also surprised by the Greeley nomination due to the fact that the largely free-trade Liberal Republicans had chosen a staunch protectionist as their presidential nominee. Moreover, Greeley had no political or government experience, was known for his eccentric, erratic persona and support of a wide variety of fringe ideas from vegetarianism to spiritualism, and had left a massive paper trail of controversial and sometimes contradictory public statements which the press and his political enemies could exploit.^[1] After Greeley and Gratz Brown were nominated by the Liberal Republicans, the Democrats also nominated the Greeley-Brown ticket as its own nominees for the 1872 U.S. presidential election due to their belief that they could not win the U.S. Presidency without the support of anti-Grant Liberal Republicans. Both Liberal Republicans and Democrats thought that, by sharing the same presidential candidate, they would be able to infiltrate and dominate the other party.^[3]

A group of Democrats dissatisfied with the Greeley nomination called themselves the Straight-Out Democratic Party and held a second nominating convention in Louisville, Kentucky. They nominated Charles O'Conor and John Quincy Adams II as candidates. They received 0.35% of the popular vote and no Electoral College votes.

Campaign

The 1872 U.S. presidential campaign was filled with dirty attacks and mudslinging on both sides, with Greeley partisans calling Grant a dictator and a drunk and Grant partisans calling Greeley a traitor and a flake.^[3]^[4]^[5] In addition, Grant and the Republicans "waved the bloody shirt" by associating the Democrats with secession and with the defeated Confederacy. During the campaign, federal officials arrested over 1,000 people under authority of the Reconstruction Enforcement Acts in order to make sure that Republicans, especially Blacks, were not prevented from voting.^[3]

While President Grant did not actively campaign, Greeley certainly did—travelling through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana and delivering up to 22 speeches per day for a total of nearly 200. Ultimately, though, Greeley was hurt by the belief that he was saying the wrong things to the wrong audiences during his campaign and by the fact that his vice-presidential running-mate, Gratz Brown, embarrassed himself by delivering a speech at Yale while drunk, fainting before a gathering in New York City, and generally making misstatements.^[3] In addition to this, Greeley took political attacks extremely personally and suffered a personal loss during the campaign when his wife had fallen ill and died in October 1872.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Results

Grant defeated Greeley and won the election by a landslide, winning 31 out of 37 states^[5] and winning the Electoral College by 286 to 66 and the national popular vote by 56% to 44%. Grant's winning percentage was the highest between 1828 and 1904, while Greeley's losing percentage was the lowest between 1848 and 1904. However, Grant's performance was much weaker in the South, where his and the Republicans' appeal was primarily limited to Black men.^[3]

Due to exhaustion and demoralization, Horace Greeley himself died several weeks after the 1872 election.^[2]^[3]^[6]

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite web|url=http://elections.harpweek.com/1872/Overview-1872-1.htm|title=HarpWeek | Elections | 1872 Overview|date=|publisher=Elections.harpweek.com|accessdate=2017-09-21}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=g000405 |title=GREELEY, Horace – Biographical Information |publisher=Bioguide.congress.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-09-21}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web|url=http://elections.harpweek.com/1872/Overview-1872-2.htm|title=HarpWeek | Elections | 1872 Overview|date=|publisher=Elections.harpweek.com|accessdate=2017-09-21}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu/node/54226 |title=Greeley, Horace (1811–1872) | The Vault at Pfaff's |publisher=Pfaffs.web.lehigh.edu |date= |accessdate=2017-09-21}}
5. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://uudb.org/articles/horacegreeley.html |title=Horace Greeley |publisher=Uudb.org |date=2006-03-04 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}
6. ^{{cite web|author=By the Editors July 8, 2009 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/death-horace-greeley/ |title=The Death of Horace Greeley |publisher=The Nation |date=2009-07-08 |accessdate=2017-09-21}}