| 词条 | Horn effect |
| 释义 |
The horn effect, closely related to the halo effect, is a form of cognitive bias that causes one's perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single negative trait.[1][2] An example of the horn effect may be that an observer is more likely to assume a physically unattractive person is morally inferior to an attractive person, despite the lack of relationship between morality and physical appearance.[3][4] Origin of the termThe term is derived from the English{{efn|Some of this information originated in a Dutch Wiki article, translated to English, then supplemented by other sources.}} word "horn" and refers to the devil's horns. This is in contrast to the word halo and the halo effect, based on the concept of a saint's halo.[5] In a 1920 study published by Thorndike[6] that focused on the halo effect, it was noted that "ratings were apparently affected by a marked tendency to think of the person in general as rather good or rather inferior {{efn|(SIC,inFerior)}} and to color the judgments of the qualities by this general feeling".{{efn|Although not popularizing the actual term Horn effect.}} Alternate terminologyIt is sometimes called the horns effect,[1] reverse-halo effect, or devil effect. Bias in actionThe horn effect occurs when "individuals believe that negative traits are connected to each other."[2] It is a phenomenon in which an observer's judgment of a person is adversely affected by the presence of (for the observer) an unfavorable aspect of this person.
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.rightattitudes.com/2010/04/30/rating-errors-halo-effect-horns-effect|title=The Halo and Horns Effects [Rating Errors]|last=Belludi|first=Nagesh|date=30 April 2013|website=Right Attitudes|accessdate=15 August 2017}} {{Biases}}2. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.joshuakennon.com/mental-model-horns-effect-and-halo-effect|title=Mental Model: Horns Effect and Halo Effect|last=Kennon|first=Joshua|date=12 November 2011|website=www.joshuakennon.com|accessdate=15 August 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web | last = Long-Crowell | first = Erin | title = The Halo Effect: Definition, Advantages & Disadvantages | work = Psychology 104: Social Psychology | publisher = study.com | url = http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-halo-effect-definition-advantages-disadvantages.html | accessdate = September 30, 2015}} 4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Nisbett | first1 = Richard E | last2 = Wilson | first2 = Timothy D | year=1977 |title= The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments |journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |publisher=American Psychological Association | volume =35 |issue=4 |pages=250–56 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.35.4.250|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/92158/1/TheHaloEffect.pdf}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/halo-art|title=halo {{!}} History, Art, & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-02-03}} 6. ^{{Citation | last = Thorndike | first = EL | title= A constant error in psychological ratings| journal = Journal of Applied Psychology | year= 1920|volume=4|issue=1|pages=25–29|doi= 10.1037/h0071663}} 7. ^{{cite news | last =Glennie|first=Jonathan|title=Hugo Chávez's reverse-halo effect|url= https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/03/hugo-chavez-reverso-halo-effect |newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 May 2011}} 8. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ostrove|first1 =Nancy| last2 =Sigall | first2 = Harold|title = Beautiful but Dangerous: Effects of Offender Attractiveness and Nature of the Crime on Juridic Judgment | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|year=1975|volume=31|issue=3|pages=410–14 |url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harold_Sigall/publication/232451231_Beautiful_but_dangerous_Effects_of_offender_attractiveness_and_nature_of_crime_on_juridic_judgment/links/542b0bab0cf29bbc126a7dbc.pdf |doi= 10.1037/h0076472}} 2 : Cognitive biases|Educational psychology |
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