1. Text

2. Textual versions

3. Verse 9

4. Verse 11

5. See also

6. Notes and references

7. Bibliography

8. External links
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Text

The original text is written in Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 14 verses.

Textual versions

Some most ancient manuscripts containing this chapter in Hebrew language:

• Masoretic Text (10th century)
• Dead Sea Scrolls: (2nd century BC)^[5][6]
  • 4Q82 (4QXII^g): extant: verses 1^[5]

Ancient manuscripts in Koine Greek containing this chapter are mainly of the Septuagint version, including Codex Vaticanus (B; ^B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: ^S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; ^A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; ^Q; 6th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}

Verse 9

For they are gone up to Assyria,

a wild ass alone by himself:

Ephraim hath hired lovers.^[7]

• "To Assyria": referring to Menahem's application for Pul's aid in establishing him on the throne (compare {{bibleref2|Hosea|5:13; 7:11}}). Menahem's name is read in the inscriptions in the southwest palace of Nimrod, as a tributary to the Assyrian king in his eighth year. The dynasty of Pul, or Phalluka, was supplanted at Nineveh by that of Tiglath-pileser, about 768 (or 760) B.C. Semiramis seems to have been Pul's wife, and to have withdrawn to Babylon in 768; and her son, Nabonassar, succeeding after a period of confusion, originated "the era of Nabonassar," 747 B.C. [G. V. Smith]. Usually foreigners coming to Israel's land were said to "go up"; here it is the reverse, to intimate Israel's sunken state, and Assyria's superiority.^[8]
• "Wild ass": "of the East" or "pere," is "heady, unruly, undisciplinable", "obstinate, running with swiftness far outstripping the swiftest horse", whither his lust, hunger, thirst, draw him without rule or direction, hardly to be turned aside from his intended course." Although often found in bands, one often breaks away by himself, exposing itself for a prey to lions, from where it is said, "the wild donkey is the lion's prey in the wilderness" (Ecclus. 13:19). Wild as the Arab was, a "wild ass' colt by himself" , is to him a proverb for one, "singular, obstinate, pertinacious in his purpose." Such is man by nature {{bibleref2|Job|11:12}}; such, it was foretold to Abraham, Ishmael would be {{bibleref2|Genesis|16:12}}; such Israel again became; "stubborn, heady, selfwilled, refusing to be ruled by God's law and His counsel, in which he might find safety, and, of his own mind, running to the Assyrian," there to perish.^[9] This is a figure of Israel's headstrong perversity in following her own bent ({{bibleref2|Jeremiah|2:24}}).^[8]
• "Hired lovers": or "sued for lovers", the statement stands independent and in a measure detached, the meaning being that even a wild ass, stupid and stubborn as that animal is, keeps by itself to secure its independence. The conduct of Israel, however, appears to disadvantage in contrast with that of a stupid wild ass; it is more stupid and senseless; their folly is seen by the comparison: it maintained its independence by going alone, Ephraim lost independence by soliciting help from heathen allies.^[10]

Verse 11

Because Ephraim hath made many altars to sin,

altars shall be unto him to sin.^[11]

• "many altars to sin": Not with an intention to commit sin, but to offer sacrifice for sin, and make atonement for it, as they thought; but these altars being erected for the sake of idols, and sacrifices offered on them to them, they sinned in so doing, and were the cause of sin in others, who were drawn into it by their example; as they were made to sin, or drawn into it, by Jeroboam their king, These altars were those set up at Dan and Bethel, and in all high places, and tops of mountains, where they sacrificed to idols; and which was contrary to the express command of God, who required sacrifice only at one place, and on one altar, Deuteronomy 12:5; typical of the one altar Christ, and his alone sacrifice, who is the only Mediator between God and man; and they are guilty of the same crime as Ephraim here, who make use of more, or neglect him.^[12]

See also

• Assyria
• Egypt
• Ephraim

• Israel
• Judah
• Reap the whirlwind (phrase)
• Samaria

• Related Bible parts: Hosea 6, Hosea 7

Notes and references

Bibliography

• {{Cite book

• {{Cite book

• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | authorlink = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes |isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Text_of_the_Old_Testament.html?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

External links

Jewish

• Hosea 8 Hebrew with Parallel English
• Hosea 8 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary

Christian

• Hosea 8 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate

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