| 词条 | Howardula aoronymphium |
| 释义 |
| image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | status = | status_system = | status_ref = | genus = Howardula | species = aoronymphium | authority = Welch, 1959 | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = }}Howardula aoronymphium is a species of nematode that infects specialist mushroom-feeding fruit flies such as Drosophila falleni and Drosophila neotestacea. Mated female nematodes pierce the fly larva cuticle and take up residence in the hemolymph (insect blood) where they mature alongside fly development. When the adult fly ecloses, the nematode motherworm has reached full size and sheds juvenile nematodes into the hemolymph which are eventually excreted by either the fly anus or ovipositor. Howardula nematodes can severely impact fly egg development, as infection can effectively sterilize some species.[1] The inherited bacterial symbiont Spiroplasma poulsonii can defend flies against Howardula infection by attacking the nematodes using toxins analogous to sarcin or ricin.[2][3] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb01546.x |pmid=12703944 |title=Infection Success in Novel Hosts: An Experimental and Phylogenetic Study of Drosophila-Parasitic Nematodes |journal=Evolution |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=544–57 |year=2003 |last1=Perlman |first1=Steve J. |last2=Jaenike |first2=John }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q50410770}}{{Nematode-stub}}2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1188235 |pmid=20616278 |title=Adaptation via Symbiosis: Recent Spread of a Drosophila Defensive Symbiont |journal=Science |volume=329 |issue=5988 |pages=212–215 |year=2010 |last1=Jaenike |first1=J. |last2=Unckless |first2=R. |last3=Cockburn |first3=S. N. |last4=Boelio |first4=L. M. |last5=Perlman |first5=S. J. |bibcode=2010Sci...329..212J }} 3. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.1518648113 |pmid=26712000 |pmc=4720295 |title=A ribosome-inactivating protein in a Drosophiladefensive symbiont |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=350–355 |year=2016 |last1=Hamilton |first1=Phineas T. |last2=Peng |first2=Fangni |last3=Boulanger |first3=Martin J. |last4=Perlman |first4=Steve J. }} 1 : Parasitic nematodes of animals |
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