“Human sex pheromones”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

No study has led to the isolation of true human sex pheromones, though various researchers have investigated the possibility of their existence.^[1]^[2]

Sex pheromones are chemical (olfactory) signals, pheromones, released by an organism to attract an individual of the opposite sex, encourage them to mate with them, or perform some other function closely related with sexual reproduction.

While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity, smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants.^[3] Experiments have focused on three classes of putative human pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the vomeronasal organ.

Axillary steroids are produced by the testes, ovaries, apocrine glands and adrenal glands.^[4] These chemicals are not biologically active until puberty when sex steroids influence their activity.^[5] The activity change during puberty suggest that humans communicate through odors.^[4] Several axillary steroids have been described as possible human pheromones: androstadienol, androstadienone, androstenone, androstenol, and androsterone.

Androstenol is the putative female pheromone.^[5] In a 1978 study by Kirk-Smith, people wearing surgical masks treated with androstenol or untreated were shown pictures of people, animals and buildings and asked to rate the pictures on attractiveness.^[6] Individuals with their masks treated with androstenol rated their photographs as being "warmer" and "more friendly".^[6] The best-known case study involves the synchronization of menstrual cycles among women based on unconscious odor cues, the McClintock effect, named after the primary investigator, Martha McClintock, of the University of Chicago.^[7]^[8] A group of women were exposed to a whiff of perspiration from other women. Depending on the time in the month the sweat was collected (before, during, or after ovulation), there was an association with the recipient woman's menstrual cycle to speed up or slow down. The 1971 study proposed two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". However, recent studies and reviews of the methodology have called the validity of her results into question.^[9]^[10]

Androstenone is postulated to be secreted only by men as an attractant for women and is also thought to affect their mood positively. It seems to have different effects on women, depending on where a female is in her menstrual cycle, with the highest sensitivity to it during ovulation.^[5] In 1983, study participants exposed to androstenone were shown to undergo changes in skin conductance.^[11] Androstenone has been found to be perceived as more pleasant to women at a woman’s time of ovulation. It is hypothesized that this may be a way for a male to detect an ovulating female who would be more willing to be involved in sexual interaction.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[12]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite journal |title=Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones |journal=The Anatomical Record |date=7 October 2004 |last=Wysocki |first=Charles J. |last2=Preti |first2=George |doi=10.1002/ar.a.20125 | quote=It is emphasized that no bioassay-guided study has led to the isolation of true human pheromones, a step that will elucidate specific functions to human chemical signals. |volume=281A |issue=1 |pages=1201–1211 |pmid=15470677}}
2. ^¹{{cite news |last=Riley |first=Alex |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160509-the-tantalising-truth-about-sex-pheromones |title=Pheromones are probably not why people find you attractive |work=BBC News |date=9 May 2016 |accessdate=2016-05-09 }}
3. ^¹{{Cite journal| author=Grammer, Karl | title=Human pheromones and sexual attraction| journal=European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology| volume=118| issue=2| pages=135–142| year=2005| doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 |pmid=15653193| last2=Fink| first2=Bernhard| last3=Neave| first3=Nick}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal| author=Hays, Warren S. T. | title=Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?| journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology| volume=54| issue=2| pages=89–97| year=2003| doi=10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4| jstor=25063239}}
5. ^¹²{{cite journal| author=Mostafa, Taymour | title=Pheromones in sex and reproduction: Do they have a role in humans?| journal=Journal of Advanced Research| volume=3| issue=1| pages=1–9| year=2012| doi=10.1016/j.jare.2011.03.003| last2=Khouly| first2=Ghada El| last3=Hassan| first3=Ashraf}}
6. ^¹{{cite journal| first=Michael |last=Kirk-Smith| title=Human social attitudes affected by androstenol| journal=Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior| volume=3| issue=4| pages=379–384| year=1978 |issn=0362-2428}}
7. ^{{cite journal | pmid=4994256 | volume=229 | issue=5282 | journal=Nature |date=January 1971 | title=Menstrual synchrony and suppression | pages=244–5 | author=McClintock, M.K. | doi=10.1038/229244a0| bibcode=1971Natur.229..244M }}
8. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1038/32408 | pmid=9515961 | volume=392 | issue=6672 | title=Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones |date=March 1998 | journal=Nature | pages=177–9 | author=Stern, K., McClintock. M.K. | bibcode=1998Natur.392..177S }}.
9. ^{{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Zhengwei |author2=Schank, Jeffrey C. | title=Women Do Not Synchronize Their Menstrual Cycles | journal=Human Nature | volume=17 | issue=4 | pages=434–447 | year=2006 | url=http://transactionpub.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=1045-6767&volume=17&issue=4&spage=434 | accessdate=2007-06-25 | doi=10.1007/s12110-006-1005-z }}
10. ^{{cite journal |author=Strassmann BI |title=Menstrual synchrony pheromones: cause for doubt |journal=Hum. Reprod. |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=579–80 |date=March 1999 |pmid=10221677 |url=http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10221677 |doi=10.1093/humrep/14.3.579}}
11. ^{{cite journal| author=Toller, C. Van | title=Skin conductance and subjective assessments associated with the odour of 5-α-androstand-3-one| journal=Biological Psychology| volume=16| issue=1–2| pages=85–107| year=1983| doi=10.1016/0301-0511(83)90056-X| last2=Kirk-Smith| first2=M.| last3=Wood| first3=N.| last4=Lombard| first4=J.| last5=Dodd| first5=G.H.| pmid=6682682}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/13/8202465/sex-pheromones |title=How one perfume company misled scientists into believing in human sex pheromones |last1=Stromberg |first1=Joseph |date=March 2015 |website=Vox |access-date=23 July 2015 |quote="... But the basic truth is that we have no evidence human pheromones even exist — and these studies can all be traced back to a single fragrance company called Erox that managed to convince dozens of scientists their two 'pheromones' were worth researching in the first place."}}